Family Symbolism In Literature - 1134 Words

Symbolism Conveyed Through Works About Family In literature, authors often utilize symbolism, using something tangible or even a person to represent an idea. Whether interpreting a poem, short story, or novel, it is possible to identify symbolism if it exists, and most times allows a more entertaining experience for the reader. Through the unit entitled Family, many of the works that are studied contain literary symbols that can be interpreted. Specifically, this essay will discuss symbols in My Papa’s Waltz by Theodore Roethke, Sonny’s Blues by James Baldwin, and Daddy by Sylvia Plath. The first work studied in the family unit that contains obvious use of symbolism is My Papa’s Waltz by Theodore Roethke. In a poem with a name of a†¦show more content†¦Lastly, in lines fifteen and sixteen, this is the final dance of the night, as it s the child s bedtime, but he doesn t want to let go of his father s shirt just yet. This image, father whisking the kid aw ay to bed, shows that, no matter how tough the waltz was, this kid still loves his papa. Behind the joy of the dance and the father-son love in this poem, there s a hint of violence. While there is no indication of overt abuse, there are hints of violent tension throughout the poem. For example, lines one and two clearly establish that Papa is drunk, which is a situation that can-and likely will- lead to violence in any situation. This is expanded upon in line three, when the speaker has slipped in the inevitable end to violence – death. The child hung on like death. He s holding on to his father so hard that he s as inescapable as death. In what could be a happy poem about this father and son s relationship, we see death creep in to frighten us right from the start. In lines nine and ten, the father holds the son s hand to lead him in the dance but, because his knuckle is battered, this posture seems, if not violent, at least rough. Battered is an intense word to use for a k nuckle, and could imply some lurking violence. In line eleven, Papa doesn t seem like he s being violent intentionally here, but he s accidentally hurting his child. Perhaps the child is too scared to speak up and say ow when his ear scrapes his dad s belt buckle. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby And Harlem By Langston Hughes1089 Words   |  5 Pagesof literature to show their readers what it would be like to experience this time frame. Some examples of these works include The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald and â€Å"Harlem† by Langston Hughes. Both of these pieces of literature include literary elements to appeal to the reader’s senses and imagination. A prevalent theme that has been found in works of the roaring 20’s is the wealth that someone may or may not achieve. Literary elements such as figurative language, irony, and symbolism areRead MoreAnalysis Of The Ultimate Safari By Nadine Gordimer818 Words   |  4 PagesEats The Land at Home† by Kofi Awoonor, a public figure in Ghana. Ghana had a military government ( Awoonor 35). African Literature is expressed through tournaments of mankind, such as war, through atmosphere, tone, and symbolism. The atmosphere of the poems and the short story is a dark and depressing showing how life was during the war. In â€Å" The Ultimate Safari† is about a family who were fleeing from Mozambique to South Africa due to the disaster of the civil war and bandits (Gordimer 2). GordimerRead MoreThe Cherry Orchard Essay751 Words   |  4 PagesModernist Literature In the world of literature, modernism is represented by the moving away from traditional rules and practices, looking at man’s place in the world with a realistic view, and experimenting with form and style. 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Through the use of literary elements like symbol ism and characterization, O’Connor creates a theme of good vs. evil, which can be felt throughout the story by tappingRead MoreSymbolism in A Good Man is Hard to Find Essay1027 Words   |  5 PagesThe short story â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find,† by Flannery O’Connor, is bombarded with symbolism. In short stories symbolism is the literary element that helps the reader depict the picture and actions in their own minds. Whether it be from characters’ names or the designs on the characters’ shirts, every detail in this story has a purpose. Flannery O’Connor was known for her strong religious background, Catholicism, and used her faith as the underlying message in her works. In the story, â€Å"ARead MoreBarn Burning by William Faulkner1028 Words   |  5 Pagesworks, but â€Å"Barn Burning† was one of his well-known stories because of the many different of elements of literature in which Faulkner chose to include. 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Red, white, and gray or silver are the colors that are used the most frequently and have the biggest meanings throughout theRead MoreEveryday Use by Alice Walker: A Look at Symbolism and Family Values879 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Everyday Use†, is a story about a family of African Americans that are faced with moral issues involving what true inheritance is and who deserves it. Two sisters and two hand stitched quilts become the center of focus for this short story. Walker paints for us the most vivid represe ntation through a third person perspective of family values and how people from the same environment and upbringing can become different types of people. Like most peoples families there is a dynamic of people involvedRead MoreEudora Welty s A Worn Path854 Words   |  4 Pagesdifficulty aroused by nature and disapproving townspeople but triumphs and succeeds her goal. 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Bite Me A Love Story Chapter 22 Free Essays

22. Meeting at the Palace RIVERA They traded in the Ford at the city motor pool for one that had a Plexiglas divider between the front and rear seats. Cavuto’s knees were pressed against the glove compartment, since the seat didn’t adjust, but it was worth the trade-off. We will write a custom essay sample on Bite Me: A Love Story Chapter 22 or any similar topic only for you Order Now It turned out the organic dog biscuits that Rivera had bought gave Marvin gas. He now had his own little glass partition in which to exhaust, and the inspectors drank their coffee relatively free of doggy stench. â€Å"I don’t sleep well during the day,† Cavuto said. â€Å"Roger that,† said Rivera. â€Å"I feel like I’ve been up for a week.† He dialed his messages, then looked at his partner. â€Å"Fifteen unplayed messages? Are we out of the service area or something?† â€Å"You turned it off when we were zeroing in on that litter of dangerous kittens.† Rivera tried to drink his coffee while handling the phone and ended up pulling the car over to the curb. â€Å"They’re all from the Emperor. Something about a ship down at Pier Nine being full of old vampires.† â€Å"No,† said Cavuto. â€Å"There are no more vampires until I’ve had two full cups of coffee and a healthy piss. That’s my personal rule.† Cavuto keyed the radio and checked into dispatch. They did most of their communications by cell phone these days, but there were still rules. If you were a rolling unit, dispatch needed to know where you were. â€Å"Rivera and Cavuto,† said the dispatcher. â€Å"I have you guys tagged to call if there are any cases of cats attacking humans, is that right?† â€Å"Roger, dispatch.† â€Å"Well, live the dream, Inspector, we have report of a giant cat attacking a man at Baker and Beach. We have a unit on the scene reporting nothing.† Cavuto looked at Rivera. â€Å"That’s the Palace of Fine Arts. The Marina is new territory.† â€Å"There might not be anything now. The uniforms don’t know to look for clothes with dust and I don’t want them to. Tell them we’re on the way.† â€Å"Dispatch, we are responding. Tell unit on scene that we’ll take care of it. Part of an ongoing investigation of a 5150 making false reports.† Cavuto grinned and looked at his partner. â€Å"Nice improvisation.† â€Å"Yeah, but I think this cat might be out of the bag, Rivera.† â€Å"I hope not.† They rolled up to the great faux stone classical dome, the only building left from the World Exposition of 1911, when San Francisco was trying to show the world that it had recovered from the earthquake of ’06. The uniform unit was on the far side of the reflection pool, standing by their squad car. Cavuto waved them on. â€Å"We got this, guys. Thanks.† What there wasn’t, was a huge shaved vampire cat attacking a guy. â€Å"You think it’s a hoax?† asked Cavuto. â€Å"Pretty outrageous coincidence if it is.† Cavuto got out of the car and let Marvin out, who waited for his leash to be attached, then dragged Cavuto over to a tree by the pond to have a wee. Swans who had settled under the trees for the night stirred and gave Marvin dirty looks. â€Å"Nothing here,† said Cavuto. â€Å"Marvin’s not doing his signal thing.† Rivera’s phone chirped and he looked at the screen. â€Å"It’s Allison Green, the creepy little Goth girl.† â€Å"If she called this in I will put her in Juvi overnight.† â€Å"Rivera,† Rivera said into the phone. â€Å"Turn your sun jackets on right now,† she said. â€Å"Right fucking now, both of you.† Rivera looked at Cavuto. â€Å"Turn on the LEDs on your coat, Nick.† â€Å"What?† â€Å"Do it. She’s not fucking with us.† Rivera hit the switch on the cuff of his sun jacket and the LEDs came on blindingly bright. A few blocks away they heard a man scream. Marvin barked. â€Å"Oh, trs bon, cop. Byez,† Abby said. The line went dead. â€Å"The fuck was that about?† said Cavuto. ROLF Rolf was actually looking forward to shooting someone. After hundreds of years, you get bored with killing, with hunting. The three of them had gone through cycles of stealthy killing of the unwanted, to outright slaughter of whole villages, to long periods where there was no killing at all. But it had been fifty years since he’d actually had to shoot someone. The change of pace was nice. Of course, it was messy, bodies, waste of good blood, but better that than having policemen running around telling people about them. No matter what kind of debaucheries they had indulged in over the years, and there had been many kinds-these too went in cycles-the one rule they held fast to was â€Å"stay hidden.† And to stay hidden, you couldn’t permit yourself to get so bored that you didn’t care about living. Well, surviving. Maybe it was just the two cops from last night. Elijah, in a rare moment of lucidity finally admitted that there were only two policemen that he knew of, and because they had taken money from the sale of the old vampire’s art collection, they did not want the secret known. Clearly though, they were beyond their depth with the cats. He and Bella had made short work of the smaller cats. They used rapid-fire pellet guns, nearly silent, that fired pellets containing a liquid that destroyed vampire flesh on contact-a heinous, herbal mixture that someone in China had discovered hundreds of years ago. A weak UV light on the front of the weapons held the animals in solid form long enough for the pellets to impact. The pellets would injure a human vampire, but they were devastating to a feline. The Chinese had somehow tuned it to the cats. They had used the mixture to contain every outbreak since its discovery. Rolf remembered firing it from crossbows. Rolf keyed his cell phone, then called the emergency number and reported a man being attacked by a giant cat. Then he set up the bipod on his rifle, zeroed the twenty-power scope in on one of the swans under a eucalyptus tree, and lay down to wait. Seven minutes later the police cruiser arrived. They were both fresh-faced young men with bright pink life auras. From his rooftop, four blocks away, Rolf could just make out the squawking of their radios. They knew nothing. They panned their flashlights under the bushes surrounding the pond, and he watched them shake their heads to one another. Seventeen minutes after the call, the brown unmarked car pulled up and Rolf relaxed into his shooting posture. These were the two from the night before. The big red dog. The dog looked his way, briefly, then dragged the big cop down to a tree by the pond. He put the crosshairs on the thinner cop’s face. But no, a headshot was arrogant. He had to make two shots, very quickly, so he would go for the center of their bodies. Shoot the thin cop first, then pan to the big one. A bigger target. Even if his first shot didn’t kill him, it would drop him. He waited, waited for them to get clear of the car and the cover. The thin cop was walking toward the other one, then stopped to take a phone call. Rolf put the crosshairs over his heart and began to squeeze the trigger. Then the entire side of his head seemed to explode with pain and he screamed and grabbed at the flames that were shooting out of his empty eye socket. TOMMY â€Å"Are we doing this right?† Tommy asked. They were several blocks behind Rolf, who was moving so smoothly and easily through the Marina district that Tommy would have thought he lived there and was out for his evening jog. Except that no one in the Marina would be wearing a black duster. It would either be cashmere or Gore-Tex, business or fitness. The Marina was a rich, fit neighborhood. â€Å"We’re following him,† said Abby. â€Å"How many ways can you do that?† Jody was leading them. She held up a hand for them to stop. The blond vampire had stopped at the corner of a four-story apartment building and was scaling it using just the space between the bricks as handholds. Tommy looked around and spotted a flat-roofed building down the alley. â€Å"That one has a fire escape. We’ll be above him, we can watch him.† â€Å"I don’t think watching is going to be enough,† Jody said. â€Å"He looks badass,† said Abby. â€Å"He’s watching those cops over at the Palace.† â€Å"He won’t just shoot a cop,† said Tommy. â€Å"Why would he shoot a cop?† â€Å"Plain clothes unit pulling in,† Jody said. â€Å"It’s Rivera and Cavuto.† â€Å"And Marvin,† Abby said. â€Å"He knows they know,† said Tommy. â€Å"We need to go,† Jody said. â€Å"Abby, you have Rivera’s number?† â€Å"Yeah.† â€Å"Call him. Give me that laser thing.† â€Å"The light from their jackets magnified through the scope will work,† Tommy said. â€Å"Let’s go.† Jody ran to the edge of the roof and stopped. Abby hopped on her toes. â€Å"Spider-Man it, Countess.† â€Å"No fucking way,† Jody said, looking down just as Tommy ran by her and jumped across the alley to the next building. They were coming across the roof of a building a block away when they saw the side of the vampire’s head ignite and heard him scream. He rolled away from the gun, clawing at his face. â€Å"Too far,† Jody said. The final gap between roofs was over a full street, not an alley, and they were a floor lower than the blond vampire. â€Å"Down.† Without thinking, Tommy jumped, then said, â€Å"What the fuck did I just do?† He landed on the balls of his feet and went down to crouch, catching himself just as he was about to drive his knee into the concrete. He looked up. Jody was still on the roof. â€Å"C’mon, Red, I’m not going up there alone.† â€Å"Fuck, fuck, fuck, fuck, fuck,† she said, and then landed beside him and rolled. When he saw she wasn’t hurt, he said, â€Å"Graceful.† â€Å"He’s getting up,† she said, and she pointed at the next building. Tommy knew if he thought about it, he’d never do it, so he just started climbing up the corner of the building as fast as he could. He’d done this before. He didn’t remember it, but his body did. Climbing the wall like a cat. Jody was right behind him. As he reached the top of the wall he stopped and looked back. â€Å"Sunglasses,† he whispered so faintly that only someone with vampire hearing would hear. He wedged his right hand between the bricks, then reached into his shirt pocket, flung open the sunglasses, and put them on. He couldn’t climb with the laser in his hand. He’d have to clear the top, then grab the weapon out of his pants pocket. Jody had her glasses on, too. She nodded for him to go. He coiled, and sprang to catapult himself over the edge of the wall, but in midair a bright light went off in his head and he felt himself spinning, then a bone-crushing impact on the ground. Something had hit him, probably the rifle butt. He rolled over and looked up the wall. Jody was still clinging there, six feet below the edge, too far to be hit with the rifle. The blond vampire, his face charred, was turning the rifle, working the bolt. He was going to shoot her in the face. â€Å"Jody!† He saw her let go with one hand, reach for the small of her back, then there was another blinding light. He’d lost his sunglasses during the fall. Something splatted beside him on the pavement. He could smell burned flesh, and blood. â€Å"You okay?† she said. He felt a hand on his face. â€Å"I’m kinda blind. And I think I have a couple of broken ribs.† He blinked the blood tears out of his eyes, then saw something dark, circular on the pavement. â€Å"What’s that?† â€Å"That’s the top of his skull,† Jody said. Footsteps, then Abby was there. â€Å"That was awesome. Gruesome, but awesome. You were amazing, Countess.† â€Å"Not feeling all that amazing.† â€Å"You probably should drink some blood, Tommy. You’re kind of fucked up.† He took the plastic blood pack from her and bit into it, draining almost the whole pint in seconds, feeling his bones and skin knitting together. Then Abby snatched it away from him and started drinking herself. â€Å"I feel like death on toast. I probably shouldn’t have eaten that pigeon.† MARVIN Marvin ruffed three times fast, â€Å"Biscuit, biscuit, biscuit.† Then, as he pulled Cavuto around the corner and smelled the fourth dead one he ruffed again. â€Å"Another biscuit.† Then, mission accomplished. He sat. â€Å"Marvin!† Abby said. She dropped the empty blood bag and scratched between his ears, then fed him a Gummi bear. Rivera came around the corner with his Glock drawn. Jody stood, reached past the gun, and snagged the battery out of the cop’s inside pocket. Abby did the same to Cavuto, who leveled a long orange Super Soaker at her. â€Å"Really, Ass Bear?† she said. â€Å"Really?† She snatched the squirt gun out of his hand and backhanded it a full block down the street where it shattered. â€Å"I have a gun on you, Missy,† said Rivera. â€Å"Biscuit,† Marvin ruffed. Clearly there are three dead people here and part of a fourth, and biscuits are in order. Jody snatched Rivera’s Glock out of his hand so quickly he was still in aiming position when she popped the clip out of it. Cavuto started to draw the big Desert Eagle and Abby caught his arm and leaned in close. â€Å"Ninja, please, unless you’re going to use that to take your own life out of humiliation for the squirt gun, just let it go.† She turned and looked at Tommy, who was sitting splayed-legged on the sidewalk, holding his ribs. â€Å"This fucking vampy power rocks my deepest dark.† Then back to Cavuto. â€Å"I’d slap you around a little, but I’m feeling kinda nauseous.† â€Å"Yeah,† said Cavuto. â€Å"I get that. That’s how I know you’re around.† â€Å"So you three are, all, uh, them,† said Rivera. â€Å"Not exactly them,† Tommy said. â€Å"Jody just took the top off the head of one of them.† He pointed at the charred brainpan. â€Å"He was about to take you out with a sniper rifle,† Abby said. â€Å"That’s why I called. Thanks for just doing what I said and not being an assbag, by the way.† â€Å"You’ll find the rest of him along with the rifle on the roof,† Jody said. â€Å"That’s who called in the vampire cat attack?† Cavuto said. Tommy nodded. â€Å"There are at least three of them. Maybe two, now. Very old. They came in that black yacht that’s down at Pier Nine. They are cleaning up the mess Elijah left. They must know you guys are hunting Chet and the vampire cats.† â€Å"He must have seen us last night, with the Animals. We thought the cats got Barry.† Tommy climbed to his feet. â€Å"Barry’s dead?† â€Å"Sorry,† Rivera said. â€Å"So they know about the Animals, too?† Tommy said, â€Å"The Animals were the ones who took Elijah’s art collection and blew up his yacht. Of course, they know about the Animals.† â€Å"We’ve got to get over there,† Rivera said. â€Å"They’ll be hunting the Emperor, too. He’s been calling all day about a black ship. I thought it was just more craziness. I don’t even know where to start looking for him.† Jody handed Rivera back his gun and the battery to his jacket. â€Å"Wire those back up as soon as you get back in your car. They work.† Marvin let go with a barrage of barking, which translated, â€Å"I have found some dead people and I am going to make a fuss if I don’t get a biscuit and the ear-scratch girl is dead and sick.† â€Å"Easy, Marvin,† Abby said. She steadied herself against the big dog and Cavuto caught her by the arm to keep her from falling. â€Å"I really don’t feel good.† She crumpled to the sidewalk. Tommy caught her in time to keep her head from hitting the concrete. â€Å"My tail kind of hurts.† Jody snatched Rivera’s gun out of his hand again. â€Å"Give Tommy your car keys.† â€Å"What! No!† Jody smacked Rivera’s jacket, heard a jingle, then reached in his pocket and took the keys. Rivera stood there like he was five, being dressed by his mother. Jody threw the keys to Tommy. â€Å"Take her to the loft. Foo will still be there. Maybe he can change her back in time.† â€Å"Where are you going?† Tommy said. â€Å"I’m going to the ship. Maybe I can stop one of them there. They’re going to come to the loft, so be ready.† â€Å"Not so fast, Red,† said Cavuto. â€Å"You will shut the fuck up!† Jody said. â€Å"You guys are six blocks from the Marina Safeway. The Animals should be at work, or will be there in a few minutes. That’s where I went when I wanted to find them, that’s where these vampires will go. So shag ass over there and warn them. Wire the batteries back into your jackets on the way there or they’ll have you for lunch. Call for another car if you need to, but we just saved your lives and your car is ours.† Rivera smiled. â€Å"I’m okay with that.† Cavuto said, â€Å"You are?† Tommy picked Abby up and held her with one arm while he reached into her messenger bag, took out her phone, and handed it to Jody. â€Å"Call Foo, tell him we’re coming.† â€Å"I will. Be careful.† She kissed him. â€Å"Save our minion.† â€Å"Got it,† Tommy said. Marvin whimpered at them as they went away, which translated to, â€Å"I’m worried about the ear-scratching dead girl with the Gummi bears.† How to cite Bite Me: A Love Story Chapter 22, Essay examples

Eriksons Stages of Development free essay sample

There are eight stages of development that Erikson suggests as psychosocial development, these stages are as follows; Stage 1 – this stage is the Trust vs. Mistrust stage, also known as the Infancy stage, which occurs between birth and one year of age. Erikson considers this stage the most fundamental. In this stage the child develops a since of security. Without this stage of development the child would fail to trust and live in fear. Stage 2 Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt also referred to as the Early Childhood stage, ages two to three years of age. This stage is second on the list and generates a greater sense of control within the child. Some examples of the child developing control is; gaining control of body functions, being able to choice their toys, and clothes and even food choices. Developing this stage helps the child feel confident, without it they will develop self-doubt. Stage 3 – next there is the preschool stage (ages 3 – 5), which is also referred to the Initiative vs. Guilt stage of development. This is when children begin to express their power through social interaction. This stage, developed successfully, helps children be able to lead and those how fail develop a sense of guilt. Stage 4 – Industry vs. Inferiority stage of development occurs between ages 5 to 11. This stage of development is best developed during early school years through social interactions. This is when they begin to develop a sense of pride and belief in their self. Those who don’t develop during this stage develop doubt or believe that they won’t be successful. Stage 5 – during the adolescence stage, children develop their independence. Children that receive proper encouragement will develop a strong sense of independence and control. Those who grow up not developing this stage are confused about themselves. Stage 6 Intimacy vs. Isolation stage occurs at the age of 19 to 40 years age. Young Adulthood develops personality that is vital to exploring personal relationships. Developing this personality leads to holding a committed relationship, while not developing it could mean loneliness and depression. Stage 7 Generativity vs. Stagnation also known as Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years). During these adult years, we tend to focus on building a family and career. Success during this stage creates a active person within the community and at home. Those who fail to develop this stage feel uninvolved in the world. Stage 8 Integrity vs. Despair is the final stage of life. People in the Maturity (65 to death) stage tend to look back on their life. This is a time when those that develop this stage get a since of accomplishment, integrity and satisfaction. Those that didn’t obtain development at this stage, feels like they have wasted their time and is filled with despair. Muhammad Ali is a great character example of Stage 7- Generativity vs. Stagnation and Stage 8 Integrity vs. Despair development. Muhammad Ali was one of the best athletes of my time. According to Erikson’s theory of development, Muhammad Ali at Stage 6 had proven Erikson’s theory by having a strong sense of himself and becoming successful. The sixth stage was basically the prerequisite for Stage 7. In Stage 7, Muhammad Ali had become successful as a mature adult and was able to feel that he could pass some of his skills to the next generation. At Stage 8, Muhammad Ali in his final stage of life, is able to look back at his life and at his achievements and get a since of accomplishment, integrity and satisfaction. At all Muhammad Ali accomplished his is able to feel proud and have no regrets. Even when confronting death, he knows he will attain wisdom. Dr. Martin Luther King is another great example of Erickson’s theory of development of Stage 6 and Stage 7. Stage 6 is defined as the Intimacy and Isolation years or Young Adulthood Stage. This development stage is normally developed somewhere between ages 20 – 40 years, but for Dr. King, this stage of development was most likely developed at the early part of his life. Erikson believes that at this stage in life people are struggling trying to find their identity through intimacy and isolation. Erikson stated, â€Å"Once people have established their identities, they are ready to make long-term commitments†. At stage 7, Middle Adulthood, Dr. King may have asked the question,† What can I do to make my life count? † During this stage of generativity has broad application to family, relationships, work, and society. Generativity, then is primarily the concern in establishing and guiding the next generation the concept is meant to include†¦productivity and creativity. †(Slater, 2003) Dr. King, in my opinion is the perfect example for validating Erikson’s theory of Stage 7. The task of developing his personality at this stage in order to contribute something to society and helping to guide future generations was accomplished. Dr. Martin Luther King was a perfect character for Erikson’s Theory Psychosocial Development. Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial Development is very interesting. I find it fascinating to be able to break down a person’s life in a way to see how they develop. I agree with Erikson’s theories totally. I can look at people I know and see the stages they missed in their life and if they are on track. Even looking at myself I realize where I need to be, so I can prepare for the Final stage (Stage 8) of my life. References: Cherry, K. , Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial Development Retrieved from http://psychology. about. com/od/psychosocialtheories/a/psychosocial. htm Allen, L. , (2008). What the Stages of Life are and What They Mean.

Periods of English Literature Essay Example

Periods of English Literature Essay For convenience of discussion, historians divide the continuity of English literature into segments of time that are called periods. The exact number, dates, and names of these periods vary,but the list below conforms to widespread practice. The list is followed by a brief comment on each period, in chronological order. 450-1066 Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) Period 1066-1500 Middle English Period 1500-1660 The Renaissance (or Early Modern) 1558-1603 Elizabethan Age 603-1625 Jacobean Age 1625-1649 Caroline Age 1649-1660 Commonwealth Period (or Puritan Interregnum) 1660-1785 The Neoclassical Period 1660-1700 The Restoration 1700-1745 The Augustan Age (or Age of Pope) 1745-1785 The Age of Sensibility (or Age of Johnson) 1785-1830 The Romantic Period 1832-1901 The Victorian Period 1848-1860 The Pre-Raphaelites 1880-1901 Aestheticism and Decadence 1901-1914 The Edwardian Period 1910-1936 The Georgian Period 1914- The Modern Period 1945- PostmodernismThe Old English Period, or the Anglo-Sa xon Period, extended from the invasion of Celtic England by Germanic tribes (the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes) in the first half of the fifth century to the conquest of England in 1066 by the Norman French under the leadership of William the Conqueror. Only after they had been converted to Christianity in the seventh century did the Anglo-Saxons, whose earlier literature had been oral, begin to develop a written literature. (See oral formulaic poetry. A high level of culture and learning was soon achieved in various monasteries; the eighth-century churchmen Bede and Alcuin were major scholars who wrote in Latin, the standard language of international scholarship. The poetry written in the vernacular Anglo-Saxon, known also as Old English, included Beowulf (eighth century), the greatest of Germanic epic poems, and such lyric laments as The Wanderer, The Seafarer, and Deor, all of which, though composed by Christian writers, reflect the conditions of life in the pagan past.Caedmon and Cy newulf were poets who wrote on biblical and religious themes, and there survive a number of Old English lives of saints, sermons, and paraphrases of books of the Bible. Alfred the Great, a West Saxon king (871-99) who for a time united all the kingdoms of southern England against a new wave of Germanic invaders, the Vikings, was no less important as a patron of literature than as a warrior. He himself translated into Old English various books of Latin prose, supervised translations by other hands, and instituted the Anglo- Saxon Chronicle, a continuous record, year by year, of important events in England.See H. M. Chadwick, The Heroic Age (1912); S. B. Greenfield, A Critical History of Old English Literature (1965); C. L. Wrenn, A Study of Old English Literature (1966). Middle English Period. The four and a half centuries between the Norman Conquest in 1066, which effected radical changes in the language, life, and culture of England, and about 1500, when the standard literary langu age (deriving from the dialect of the London area) had become recognizably modern English—that is, similar to the language we speak and write today.The span from 1100 to 1350 is sometimes discriminated as the Anglo- Norman Period, because the non-Latin literature of that time was written mainly in Anglo-Norman, the French dialect spoken by the invaders who had established themselves as the ruling class of England, and who shared a literary culture with French-speaking areas of mainland Europe. Among the important and influential works from this period are Marie de Frances Lais (c. 1180—which may have been written while Marie was at the royal court in England), Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meuns Roman de la Rose (12257-75? , and Chretien de Troyes Erec et Enide (the first Arthurian romance, C. 1165) and Yvain (c. 1177-81). When the native vernacular—descended from Anglo-Saxon, but with extensive lexical and syntactic elements assimilated from Anglo-Norman, and known as middle English—came into general literary use, it was at first mainly the vehicle for religious and homiletic writings. The first great age of primarily secular literature—rooted in the Anglo-Norman, French, Irish, and Welsh, as well as the native English literature—was the second half of the fourteenth century.This was the age of Chaucer and John Gower, of William Langlands great religious and satirical poem Piers Plowman, and of the anonymous master who wrote four major poems in complex alliterative meter, including Pearl, an elegy, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. This last work is the most accomplished of the English chivalric romances; the most notable prose romance was Thomas Malorys Morte dArthur, written a century later. The outstanding poets of the fifteenth century were the Scottish Chaucerians, who included King James I of Scotland and Robert Henryson.The fifteenth century was more important for popular literature than for the artful lit erature addressed to the upper classes: it was the age of many excellent songs, secular and religious, and of folk ballads, as well as the flowering time of the miracle and morality plays, which were written and produced for the general public. See W. L. Renwick and H. Orton, The Beginnings of English Literature to Skelton (rev. , 1952); H. S. Bennett, Chaucer and the Fifteenth Century (1947); Edward Vasta, ed. , Middle English Survey: Critical Essays (1965). The Renaissance, 1500-1660.There is an increasing use by historians of the term early modern to denote this era: see the entry Renaissance. Elizabethan Age. Strictly speaking, the period of the reign of Elizabeth I (1558-1603); the term Elizabethan, however, is often used loosely to refer to the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, even after the death of Elizabeth. This was a time of rapid development in English commerce, maritime power, and nationalist feeling—the defeat of the Spanish Armada occurred in 158 8. It was a great (in drama the greatest) age of English literature—the age of Sir Philip Sidney, Christopher Marlowe,Edmund Spenser, Shakespeare, Sir Walter Raleigh, Francis Bacon, Ben Jonson, and many other extraordinary writers of prose and of dramatic, lyric, and narrative poetry. A number of scholars have looked back on this era as one of intellectual coherence and social order; an influential example was E. M. W. Tillyards The Elizabethan World Picture (1943). Recent historical critics, however, have emphasized its intellectual uncertainties and political and social conflicts; see new historicism. Jacobean Age. The reign of James I (in Latin, Jacobus), 1603-25, which followed that of Queen Elizabeth.This was the period in prose writings of Bacon, John Donnes sermons, Robert Burtons Anatomy of Melancholy, and the King James translation of the Bible. It was also the time of Shakespeares greatest tragedies and tragicomedies, and of major writings by other notable poets and playwrights including Donne, Ben Jonson, Michael Drayton, Lady Mary Wroth, Sir Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher, John Webster, George Chapman, Thomas Middleton, Philip Massinger, and Elizabeth Cary, whose notable biblical drama The Tragedy of Mariam, the Faire Queene of Jewry was first long play by an Englishwoman to be published.See Basil Willey, The Seventeenth Century Background (1934); Douglas Bush, English Literature in the Earlier Seventeenth Century (1945); C. V. Wedgewood, Seventeenth Century English Literature (1950). Caroline Age. The reign of Charles I, 1625-49; the name is derived from Carolus, the Latin version of Charles. This was the time of the English Civil War fought between the supporters of the king (known as Cavaliers) and the supporters of Parliament (known as Roundheads/ from their custom of wearing their hair cut short).John Milton began his writing during this period; it was the age also of the religious poet George Herbert and of the prose writers Rober t Burton and Sir Thomas Browne. Associated with the court were the Cavalier poets, writers of witty and polished lyrics of courtship and gallantry. The group included Richard Lovelace, Sir John Suckling, and Thomas Carew. Robert Herrick, although a country parson, is often classified with the Cavalier poets because, like them, he was a Son of Ben—that is, an admirer and follower of Ben Jonson—in many of his lyrics of love and gallant compliment.See Robin Skelton, Cavalier Poets (1960). The Commonwealth Period, also known as the Puritan Interregnum,extends from the end of the Civil War and the execution of Charles I in 1649 to the restoration of the Stuart monarchy under Charles II in 1660. In this period England was ruled by Parliament under the Puritan leader Oliver Cromwell; his death in 1658 marked the dissolution of the Commonwealth. Drama almost disappeared for eighteen years after the Puritans closed the public theaters in September 1642, not only on moral and re ligious grounds, but also to prevent public assemblies that might foment civil disorder.It was the age of Miltons political pamphlets, of Hobbes political treatise Leviathan (1651), of the prose writers Sir Thomas Browne, Thomas Fuller, Jeremy Taylor, and Izaak Walton, and of the poets Henry Vaughan, Edmund Waller, Abraham Cowley, Sir William Davenant, and Andrew Marvell. The Neoclassical Period, 1660-1785; see the entry neoclassic and romantic. Restoration. This period takes its name from the restoration of the Stuart line (Charles II) to the English throne in 1660, at the end of the Commonwealth; it is specified as lasting until 1700.The urbanity, wit, and licentiousness of the life centering on the court, in sharp contrast to the seriousness and sobriety of the earlier Puritan regime, is reflected in much of the literature of this age. The theaters came back to vigorous life after the revocation of the ban placed on them by the Puritans in 1642, although they became more exlusive ly oriented toward the aristocratic classes than they had been earlier.Sir George Etherege, William Wycherley, William Congreve, and John Dryden developed the distinctive comedy of manners called Restoration comedy, and Dryden, Thomas Otway, and other playwrights developed the even more distinctive form of tragedy called heroic drama. Dryden was the major poet and critic, as well as one of the major dramatists. Other poets were the satirists Samuel Butler and the Earl of Rochester; notable writers in prose, in addition to the masterly Dryden, were Samuel Pepys, Sir William Temple, the religious writer in vernacular English John Bunyan, and the philosopher John Locke.Aphra Behn, the first Englishwoman to earn her living by her pen and one of the most inventive and versatile authors of the age, wrote poems, highly successful plays, and Oroonoko, the tragic story of a noble African slave, an important precursor of the novel. See Basil Willey, The Seventeenth Century Background (1934); L. I. Bredvold, The Intellectual Milieu of John Dryden (1932). Augustan Age. The original Augustan Age was the brilliant literary period of Virgil, Horace, and Ovid under the Roman emperor Augustus (27 B. . -A. D. 14). In the eighteenth century and later, however, the term was frequently applied also to the literary period in England from approximately 1700 to 1745. The leading writers of the time (such as Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, and Joseph Addison) themselves drew the parallel to the Roman Augustans, and deliberately imitated their literary forms and subjects, their emphasis on social concerns, and their ideals of moderation, decorum, and urbanity. (See neoclassicism. A major representative of popular, rather than classical, writing in this period was the novelist, journalist, and pamphleteer Daniel Defoe. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu was a brilliant letterwriter in a great era of letter-writing; she also wrote poems of wit and candor that violated the conventional moral and i ntellectual roles assigned to women in the Augustan era. Age of Sensibility. The period between the death of Alexander Pope in 1744, and 1785, which was one year after the death of Samuel Johnson and one year before Robert Burns Poems, Chiefly in Scottish Dialect. Alternative dates frequently proposed for the end of this period are 1789 and 1798; see Romantic Period. ) An older name for this half-century, the Age of Johnson, stresses the dominant position of Samuel Johnson (1709-84) and his literary and intellectual circle, which included Oliver Goldsmith, Edmund Burke, James Boswell, Edward Gibbon, and Hester Lynch Thrale. These authors on the whole represented a culmination of the literary and critical modes of neoclassicism and the worldview of the Enlightenment.The more recent name, Age of Sensibility, puts its stress on the emergence, in other writers of the 1740s and later, of new cultural attitudes, theories of literature, and types of poetry; we find in this period, for exam ple, a growing sympathy for the Middle Ages, a vogue of cultural primitivism, an awakening interest in ballads and other folk literature, a turn from neoclassic correctness and its emphasis on judgment and restraint to an emphasis on instinct and feeling, the development of a literature of sensibility, and above all the exaltation by some critics of original genius and a bardic poetry of the sublime and visionary imagination. Thomas Gray expressed this anti-neoclassic sensibility and set of values in his Stanzas to Mr. Bentley (1752): But not to one in this benighted age Is that diviner inspiration given, That burns in Shakespeares or in Miltons page, The pomp and prodigality of Heaven. Other poets who showed similar shifts in thought and taste were William Collins and Joseph and Thomas Warton (poets who, together with Gray, began in the 1740s the vogue for what Samuel Johnson slightingly referred to as ode, and elegy, and sonnet), Christopher Smart, and William Cowper.Thomas Percy published his influential Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1765), which included many folk ballads and a few medieval metrical romances, and James Macpherson in the same decade published his greatly doctored (and in considerable part fabricated) versions of the poems of the Gaelic bard Ossian (Oisin) which were enormously popular throughout Europe. This was also the period of the great novelists, some realistic and satiric and some sentimental: Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Tobias Smollett, and Laurence Sterne. See W. J. Bate, From Classic to Romantic (1946); Northrop Frye, Toward Defining an Age of Sensibility, in Fables of Identity (1963), and ed. Romanticism Reconsidered (1965); F. W. Hilles and Harold Bloom, eds. , From Sensibility to Romanticism (1965). Romantic Period. The Romantic Period in English literature is dated as eginning in 1785 (see Age of Sensibility)—or alternatively in 1789 (the outbreak of the French Revolution), or in 1798 (the publication of Wil liam Wordsworths and Samuel Taylor Coleridges Lyrical Ballads)—and as ending either in 1830 or else in 1832, the year in which Sir Walter Scott died and the passage of the Reform Bill signaled the political preoccupations of the Victorian era. For some characteristics of the thought and writings of this remarkable and diverse literary period, as well as for a list of suggested readings, see neoclassic and romantic. The term is often applied also to literary movements in European countries and America; see periods of American literature. Romantic characteristics are usually said to have been manifested first in Germany and England in the 1790s, and not to have become prominent in France and America until two or three decades after that time.Major English writers of the period, in addition to Wordsworth and Coleridge, were the poets Robert Burns, William Blake, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats, and Walter Savage Landor; the prose writers Charles Lamb, William Hazlit t, Thomas De Quincey, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Leigh Hunt; and the novelists Jane Austen, Sir Walter Scott, and Mary Shelley. The span between 1786 and the close of the eighteenth century was that of the Gothic romances by William Beckford, Matthew Gregory Lewis, William Godwin, and, above all, Anne Radcliffe. Victorian Period. The beginning of the Victorian Period is frequently dated 1830, or alternatively 1832 (the passage of the first Reform Bill), and sometimes 1837 (the accession of Queen Victoria); it extends to the death of Victoria in 1901.Historians often subdivide the long period into three phases: Early Victorian (to 1848), Mid-Victorian (1848-70), and Late Victorian (1870-1901). Much writing of the period, whether imaginative or didactic, in verse or in prose, dealt with or reflected the pressing social, economic, religious, and intellectual issues and problems of that era. (For a summary of these issues, and also for the derogatory use of the term Victorian, see Victori an and Victorianism. ) Among the notable poets were Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Robert Browning, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Christina Rossetti, Matthew Arnold, and Gerard Manley Hopkins (whose remarkably innovative poems, however, did not become known until they were published, long after his death, in 1918).The most prominent essayists were Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin, Arnold, and Walter Pater; the most distinguished of many excellent novelists (this was a great age of English prose fiction) were Charlotte and Emily Bronte, Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, Elizabeth Gaskell, George Eliot, George Meredith, Anthony Trollope, Thomas Hardy, and Samuel Butler. For prominent literary movements during the Victorian era, see the entries on Pre-Raphaelites, Aestheticism, and Decadence. Edwardian Period. The span between the death of Victoria (1901) and the beginning of World War I (1914) is named for King Edward VII, who reigned from 1901 to 1910.Poets writing at the time included Thomas Hardy (who gave up novels for poetry at the beginning of the century), Alfred Noyes, William Butler Yeats, and Rudyard Kipling; dramatists included Henry Arthur Jones, Arthur Wing Pinero, James Barrie, John Galsworthy, George Bernard Shaw, and the playwrights of the Celtic Revival such as Lady Gregory, Yeats, and John M. Synge. Many of the major achievements were in prose fiction— works by Thomas Hardy, Joseph Conrad, Ford Madox Ford, John Galsworthy, H. G. Wells, Rudyard Kipling, and Henry James, who published his major final novels, The Wings of the Dove, The Ambassadors, and The Golden Bowl, between 1902 and 1904.Georgian Period is a term applied both to the reigns in England of the four successive Georges (1714-1830) and (more frequently) to the reign of George V (1910-36). Georgian poets usually designates a group of writers in the latter era who loomed large in four anthologies entitled Georgian Poetry, which were published by Edward Marsh between 1912 and 1922. Marsh favored writers we now tend to regard as relatively minor poets such as Rupert Brooke, Walter de la Mare, Ralph Hodgson, W. H. Davies, and John Masefield. The term Georgian poetry has come to connote verse which is mainly rural in subject matter, deft and delicate rather than bold and passionate in manner, and traditional rather than experimental in technique and form.Modern Period. The application of the term modern, of course, varies with the passage of time, but it is frequently applied specifically to the literature written since the beginning of World War I in 1914; see modernism and postmodernism. This period has been marked by persistent and multidimensioned experiments in subject matter, form, and style, and has produced major achievements in all the literary genres. Among the notable writers are the poets W. B. Yeats, Wilfred Owen, T. S. Eliot, W. H. Auden, Robert Graves, Dylan Thomas, and Seamus Heaney; the novelists Joseph Conrad, James Joyce, D. H. Lawrence, Doroth y Richardson, Virginia Woolf, ?. ?.Forster, Aldous Huxley, Graham Greene, Doris Lessing, and Nadine Gordimer; the dramatists G. ?. Shaw, Sean OCasey, Noel Coward, Samuel Beckett, Harold Pinter, Caryl Churchill, Brendan Behan, Frank McGuinness, and Tom Stoppard. The modern age was also an important era for literary criticism; among the innovative English critics were T. S. Eliot, I. A. Richards, Virginia Woolf, E R. Leavis, and William Empson. (See New Criticism. ) This entry has followed what has been the widespread practice of including under English literature writers in the English language from all the British Isles. A number of the authors listed above, were in fact natives of Ireland, Scotland, and Wales.Of the Modern Period especially it can be said that much of the greatest English literature was written by the Irish writers Yeats, PERSONA, TONE, AND VOICE 21 7 Shaw, Joyce, OCasey, Beckett, Iris Murdoch, and Seamus Heaney. And in recent decades, some of the most notable lite rary achievements in the English language have been written by natives of recently liberated English colonies (who are often referred to as postcolonial authors)/ including the South Africans Doris Lessing, Nadine Gordimer, and Athol Fugard; the West Indians V. S. Naipaul and Derek Walcott; the Nigerians Chinua Achebe and Wole Soyinka; and the Indian novelists R. K. Narayan and Salman Rushdie. See postcolonial studies. The Postmodern Period is a name sometimes applied to the era after World War

Figurative vs. Literal Language

Figurative vs. Literal Language Learning to make meaning when figurative language is used can be a difficult concept for learning disabled students. Students with disabilities, especially those with language delays, become easily confused when figurative language is used. Figurative language or figures of speech is very abstract for children. Put simply to a child: figurative language doesnt mean exactly what it says. Unfortunately, many students take figurative language literally. The next time you say- this briefcase weighs a ton, they might just think that it does and come away with a belief that a ton is something close to the weight of a suitcase. Figurative Speech Comes in Many Forms Simile (comparisons often with as or like): as smooth as silk, as fast as the wind, quick like a lightning bolt.Metaphor (implicit comparison without like or as): Youre such an airhead. Its bursting with flavor.Hyperbole (exaggerating statement): In order to get my assignment done, Ill have to burn the midnight oil.Personification (giving something a human quality): The sun smiled down on me. The leaves danced in the wind. As a teacher, take time to teach the meanings of figurative language. Let the students brainstorm possible sayings for figurative language. Take a look at the list below and have students brainstorm a context for which the phrases could be used. For instance: when I want to use Bells and whistles I could be rererring to the new computer I just bought which has, lots of memory, a dvd burner, an amazing video card, a wireless keyboard and a mouse. Therefore I could say My new computer has all the bells and whistles. Use the list below, or let students brainstorm a list of figures of speech. Let them identify what the possible meanings of the phrases could be. Figures of Speech Phrases At the drop of a hatAxe to grindBack to square oneBells and whistlesBed of rosesBurn the midnight oilClean sweepChew the fatCold feetCoast is clearDown in the dumpsEars are burningForty winksFull of beans Give me a breakGive my right armIn a nutshell/pickleIn the bagIts greek to meFinal strawLet the cat out of the bagLong shotMums the wordOn the ballOut on a limbPass the buckPay through the noseRead between the linesSaved by the bellSpill the beansTake a rain checkThrough the grapevineTrue colorsUnder the weatherUp my sleeveUpset the apple cartWalking on eggshells

The Controversy Over Columbus Day Celebrations

The Controversy Over Columbus Day Celebrations Only two federal holidays bear the names of specific men- Martin Luther King Jr. Day and Columbus Day. While the former passes each year with relatively little controversy, opposition to Columbus Day (observed on the second Monday of October)  has intensified in recent decades. Native American groups argue that the Italian explorer’s arrival in the New World ushered in genocide against indigenous peoples as well as the transatlantic slave trade. Thus Columbus Day, much like Thanksgiving, highlights Western imperialism and the conquest of people of color.   The circumstances surrounding Christopher Columbus’ foray into the Americas have led to an end to Columbus Day observances in some areas of the U.S. In such regions, the contributions Native Americans have made to the county are recognized instead. But these places are exceptions and not the rule. Columbus Day remains a mainstay in nearly all U.S. cities and states. To change this, activists opposed to these celebrations have launched a multi-pronged argument to demonstrate why Columbus Day should be eradicated. Origins of Columbus Day Christopher Columbus may have first left his mark on the Americas in the 15th century, but the United States didn’t establish a federal holiday in his honor until 1937. Commissioned by Spanish King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella to explore Asia, Columbus instead sailed to the New World in 1492. He first disembarked in the Bahamas, later making his way to Cuba and the island of Hispanola, now the home of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Believing that he had located China and Japan, Columbus founded the first Spanish colony in the Americas with the help of nearly 40 crewmembers. The following spring, he traveled back to Spain where he presented Ferdinand and Isabella with spices, minerals and indigenous peoples he’d captured. It would take three trips back to the New World for Columbus to determine that he hadn’t located Asia but a continent altogether unfamiliar to the Spanish. By the time he died in 1506, Columbus had crisscrossed the Atlantic numerous times. Clearly, Columbus left his mark on the New World, but should he be given credit for discovering it? Columbus Didn’t Discover America Generations of Americans grew up learning that Christopher Columbus discovered the New World. But Columbus wasn’t the first European to land in the Americas. Back in the 10th century, the Vikings explored Newfoundland, Canada. DNA evidence has also found that Polynesians settled in South America before Columbus traveled to the New World. There’s also the fact that when Columbus arrived in the Americas in 1492, more than 100 million people inhabited the New World. G. Rebecca Dobbs wrote in her essay â€Å"Why We Should Abolish Columbus Day† that to suggest that Columbus discovered America is to suggest that those who inhabited the Americas are nonentities. Dobbs argues: â€Å"How can anyone discover a place which tens of millions already know about? To assert that this can be done is to say that those inhabitants are not human. And in fact, this is exactly the attitude many Europeans†¦displayed toward indigenous Americans. We know, of course, that this is not true, but to perpetuate the idea of a Columbian discovery is to continue to assign a non-human status to those 145 million people and their descendants.† Not only didn’t Columbus discover the Americas, but he also didn’t popularize the idea that the earth was round. The educated Europeans of Columbus’ day widely acknowledged that the earth was not flat, contrary to reports. Given that Columbus neither discovered the New World nor dispelled the flat earth myth, opponents to the Columbus observance question why the federal government has set aside a day in the explorer’s honor. Columbus’ Impact on Indigenous Peoples The main reason Columbus Day draws opposition is because of how the explorer’s arrival to the New World affected indigenous peoples. European settlers not only introduced new diseases to the Americas that wiped out scores of Native peoples but also warfare, colonization, slavery, and torture. In light of this, the American Indian Movement (AIM) has called on the federal government to stop observances of Columbus Day. AIM likened Columbus Day celebrations in the U.S. to the German people establishing a holiday to celebrate Adolf Hitler with parades and festivals in Jewish communities. According to AIM: â€Å"Columbus was the beginning of the American holocaust, ethnic cleansing characterized by murder, torture, raping, pillaging, robbery, slavery, kidnapping, and forced removals of Indian people from their homelands. †¦We say that to celebrate the legacy of this murderer is an affront to all Indian peoples, and others who truly understand this history.† Alternatives to Columbus Day Since 1990 the state of South Dakota has celebrated Native American Day in lieu of Columbus Day to honor its residents of indigenous heritage. South Dakota has a Native population of 8.8 percent, according to 2010 census figures. In Hawaii, Discoverers’ Day is celebrated rather than Columbus Day. Discoverers’ Day pays homage to the Polynesian explorers who sailed to the New World. The city of Berkeley, Calif, also doesn’t celebrate Columbus Day, instead recognizing Indigenous Peoples Day since 1992. More recently, cities such as Seattle, Albuquerque, Minneapolis, Santa Fe, N.M., Portland, Ore., and Olympia, Wash., have all established Indigenous Peoples Day celebrations in place of Columbus Day.

Personal Journey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Journey - Essay Example The time we are kids, we have our own choices and preferences about anything we come across without containment parts imposed by elders in the family or the peer group we live in. As Erikson says, at each stage, there must develop an ego capability for the further development of personality (Slee 2002, p.53). I remember the days which I was always free from entrustments of heavy burdens or ethical values to be added to my life unlike now. I had my schooling done in a comparatively small town with not many things to speak great bout those days. I can never say that I was at compromise with anything I longed for. I used to have good and fashionable clothes and lots of fun with very good friends. I must say, they should be the real gift of God. We had resourceful teachers to guide us through the high school education where the school was rated one of the top ten schools in the state. Since my physique was quite athletic, I was directed to join various training campaigns to get trained for competitive events at different levels. At times I was successful, but never did I have the feel that I would ever become a sports man. It may be the case because; I was much concerned about the humane elements of life. As an innate nature, I always liked to be of some help to people around me. Even today, I feel puzzled when I try to consolidate my present life with what I expected myself to be. It is for sure, my being a doctor was not an overnight affair. It took me several years of study and researches to become at lest what I am now. A clear – cut study of evolutions happened in me may get you the idea about how people change themselves through different ages. I would never like to accept that I have done something to change myself; therefore, I can say that life changes on its way with condition pertaining to stages of life. According to Erikson, â€Å"the adulthood stage focuses

The Lost Colony of Roanoke Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Lost Colony of Roanoke - Essay Example Although it is not possible to solve this particular mystery without concrete forensic evidence or the discovery of new information, the discussion that will be presented seeks to define a likely scenario that was the result of situations that were recorded by several individuals and represented within the history of the Roanoke colonists. Before delving directly into the issue, it is necessary to appreciate that the colony of Roanoke was a charter colony; established by Sir Walter Raleigh and Queen Elizabeth I. As a charter colony, it was intended as a foothold within the New World and the potential challenge to Spain’s continue development within the region. It was the hope of Queen Elizabeth I, and Sir Walter Raleigh that the Roanoke colony would be able to provide a relatively quick return on investment in English. Whereas it is true that the coffers of Queen Elizabeth I were not shallow, these undertakings and planting colonies around the world were specifically expensive and required the dedication of resources, manpower, and ships; all of these being resources that were desired and demanded by different individuals and power throughout the kingdom. As Sir Walter Raleigh and Queen Elizabeth I shared a â€Å"special relationship†, and one that many analysts believe could have been sexual, the agreem ent to provide Raleigh with the necessary resources might not have been performed out of due diligence or based upon the possibility of profitability (Haskell, 2012). Regardless of the rationale, Queen Elizabeth the I provided Sir Walter Raleigh with five ships and a contingent of colonists and supplies that were directed to establish a preliminary colony in North America. The general agreement was that these colonists would be performing two distinct functions at the same time. The first function was to determine whether or not an English colony in North America

Imagine you are Marco Essay Example for Free

Imagine you are Marco Essay Imagine you are Marco. Write a letter to your wife telling her about your journey to America, where you are staying and your work. Eddie and Beatrice Carbone 441 Saxon Street BROOKLYN NEW YORK U. S. A Dear family and friends I am missing you all desperately. It has been two months since I have seen you all. The journey was in cramped conditions, we experienced a mix of storms and showers. This didnt bother Rodolpho or me as the fishing trips to Africa and Yugoslavia prepared us well. I spent most of my time conversing with another group of Sicilians. We shared our hopes of America. Our main worry was that we would be caught getting off the boat and deported. The travelling was long and boring with loud thunderstorms at night, which made it impossible to sleep. Because of the large amounts of people on the ship it was very cramped. We had to sleep on the floor, which was hard and uncomfortable. The only way I stayed sane was thinking of succeeding at the American dream and returning to Sicily as rich as some of the tourists! When the ship docked in Brooklyn a very kind and hospitable man named Tony Bereli met us at the pier. He dropped us off at Beatrices house were we are temporarily staying. I was surprised at how nice Beatrices house was after Bereli described it as a slum. Over here in America people live in apartment blocks and estates instead of the shacks were used to back home. New York is a great city. At first I was some what taken aback by the citys daily hustle and bustle. Its so different from the town in Sicily where we know everyone. Beatrice looked very pleased to see us and asked after you and the childrens welfare. She introduced us to her niece Catherine who has stayed with them all her life as her parents died when she was very young. They were both very welcoming but Beatrices husband Eddie seemed as though he was a bit uneasy with our presence. Eddie told us about working on the docks as a longshoreman. He said we could earn up to forty dollars a week! The house is small with five people in it but I cannot complain otherwise I would be out on the streets. I am pleased to say both Rodolpho and me have found work as longshoremen loading and offloading things from other countries like coffee and tea. Whenever I get paid I will send the money home for you and the children. The main things I miss apart from you and the children are the scenery and the warm weather. In New York its cold with wall-to-wall skyscrapers. Rodolpho has taken to the bright lights of New York like a duck to water. He and Catherine seem to have something going on. Last week she took him on a grand tour of the city ending up in up in the Paramount Cinema. They arrived back at about midnight, Eddie was furious. He said Catherine had never been out so late. Eddie is too over protective of Catherine; he treats her like a kid! Its as if he is trying to keep Catherine for himself! Eddie treats Rodolpho like dirt. He insulted him calling him Danish because of his blonde hair. Eddie then went on to teach Rodolpho boxing classes in which he gave himself a good excuse to beat him up. Unprovoked incidents like these anger me. I wanted to get up and defend Rodolpho but didnt want to offend Beatrice. I asked Eddie if he could lift a chair from the bottom, he failed to do this. Then I lifted the chair over my head and looked him in the eye. This was my way of gaining a physical and mental advantage over Eddie. The look of defeat on Eddies face was a picture! How are Maria and Luigi? I am missing them so much. As soon as I get paid I will send money so you can buy Luigi some money for his chest. Tell them I wish I could be with them but I had no choice about leaving, wed have starved otherwise. I am working overtime everyday so I can come home to you and the kids soon. Then we will have plenty of food and will never have to worry about starving again. Take care of yourself and the kids. I will write soon Marco xxxxxx Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Character Analysis of Fluer Pillager Essay -- essays research papers

Fleur Pillager 1 Character Analysis of Fleur Pillager Fleur Pillage is the most extraordinary character in this story. She is not only physically powerful, but also spiritually strong. She is strong willed and resolute to live her life as she wants to. She never listens to the town or tribal gossip about her and let it repress her. People pretty much stay out of her way because she is extremely diverse. They are too afraid to try to understand her or get to know her. Her life force is drawn from the milieu. Her spirit seems to be analogous with nature. The immense energy of nature is a mystery and Fleur seems to have some power to control it, this also make her an ambiguity. The two traits that I most admire about her are the fact that she is an enigma and that she has a supernatural am...

Income, Poverty, and Health Care Essay

The objective for this paper is to explain what I have learned from our class discussion and our readings of Chapter 30 of our text, Economics Today. It will show my personal understanding of this week’s objectives through explaining what I have learned by analyzing the impacts of government regulation of the economy, including the rationalization for and history of regulation, degrees of success, and future consequences if regulation does or does not occur while applying economic concepts to explain income distribution, and its connection lifestyle choices and opportunities. In this week’s assignment, to relate them to my life experiences, I have selected two articles relating to this topic, Income, Poverty, and Health Care, and I will be explaining why we are to review what has been happening lately, and why it is happening? The first article that I have chosen relates to the same topic as our class discussion, healthcare. I chose this because it is highly relatable to not just a small group of individuals, but every American citizen in the United States. Obamacare, or Affordable Care Act, will take effect on October 1, 2013, and it is viewed as â€Å"when poor and middle-class Americans will begin signing up for the health care law’s new benefits. † (Young, J. (1-19-13)) To make sure that everyone signs up for this new healthcare program, they have created â€Å"Enroll America, an umbrella organization of nonprofits and health care industry organizations, that will carry out a major national public education campaign with paid advertising, online outreach, community activities and coordination. (Young, J. (1-19-13)) The major problem that most will have a hard time swallowing is the fines that you will receive, either as an individual, or as an employer. Government Health Insurance Mandates – If an individual does not have insurance they will be required to pay a fine of up to â€Å"$750 per year or up to $2,250 per year for a family that is uninsured. Firms with more than 50 employees will receive a fine of $750 for every employee that obtains federal subsidies for coverage. † (Graham, J. & Kaye, D. (2006) Pg. 79) One issue that most people would not even think about concerning the new healthcare laws is that it is going to affect out budgets a great deal more than we first thought. I know that I was shocked to learn that our family pets’ routine visits to the veterinarian office will also come with a higher price tag due to the new healthcare law. While they said this is unintended, the fact that â€Å"medical equipment and supplies will be going up in cost, that extra expense will have to passed on to the customers. (CBSMiami (3-11-13)) Most would wonder how this would affect their office visit for their furry family members. Well, â€Å"it’s part of a new 2. 3-percent federal excise tax on certain medical devices that just went into effect. The tax will help fund the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, intended for people, not pets. † (CBSMiami (3-11-13)) We know that the manufacturers will have to pay this tax, which will in turn cause their costs to produce these products, to rise. They will have no choice but to have to transfer these costs onto the consumers. This affects our vet visits because some of the products that were meant for humans also are used in our vet’s office, such as â€Å"IV pumps, sterile scalpels and anesthesia equipment. † (CBSMiami (3-11-13)) This week’s topic relates to one that I had discussed not too long ago in my Macroeconomics class. Since we are to be charged an additional tax to cover this new law in healthcare, I thought it would be appropriate to bring up the following information. The hoped for results of taxation and government spending as implied by the fiscal policy, is to help keep our economy out of a recession, or even worse, a depression. Depending on how fiscal policy is used in different situations, it will affect different people, and is not always helpful to the whole economy. The economy needs to be closely monitored and adjusted on a constant basis based on what is currently, or what is expected in the future of the economy. In times of high inflation, the government will increase the taxation rate to help build up the economy and keep the inflation rate down. Fiscal policy has the right to increase or decrease government spending which can raise or lower the overall economy monies in circulation. With this being said, it makes it clearer as to why we are taxed higher as the government increases its public spending. It may not seem understandable to the general population because most are not in agreeance with this new healthcare law. Many believe the increase in taxes will not cover the costs that are going to be associated with the healthcare mandate, which will in turn cause the federal and individual states to also raise their taxes or reduce their healthcare costs in order to balance out the increased funding needed to support these new laws. (Graham, J. Kaye, D. (2006) Pg. 681) I must say that after digging deeper into this subject, I am more appalled at the fact that this new â€Å"healthcare reform act† may potentially damage our society instead of help it. In the current state of our economy, which is shaky to say the least, does our government really think this will help us? I for one am not too sure. I do not want to get slapped with a fine because I choose not to purchase healthcare, but taking on an extra payment, when our pocketbooks are already stretched past their limits, is just as equally disconcerting.

Adult Development

The results of the interview with my three participants of varying levels of adulthood have indeed demonstrated that their changes are linked to normative age-graded influences (Bjorklund & Bee, 2006). With respect to cognitive changes, Mrs. Sarai Knowles, a 47 year-old mother of three, has within the past three or four years noticed an increase in the amount of time it takes for her to remember the names of everyday objects.She admitted that this phenomenon was preceded by increased difficulty remembering less concrete words, such as adjectives she may have used to help her articulate when having conversations. The onset of memory changes during middle adulthood was corroborated by the other two participants. Though older, Mr. Sean Blankett (72) and Mrs. Evelyn Richardson (88) do recall having such minor, yet progressive memory lapses at approximately 45 years of age.All three participants say that the change has frustrated them during conversation and two of them (Blankett and Rich ardson) say they have had to develop strategies for giving themselves time to think of words during conversations. Mrs. Knowles indicates that she is not sure whether the condition really is one that should be considered a problem. She considers herself to be doing as well as other adults her age. Here she makes reference to her functional age (2006).What activities do you know of that might help you maintain your cognitive abilities over time?To maintain memory health, two of the three participants referred to cardiovascular and neural fitness (Bjorklund & Bee, 2006, p. 126). Mrs. Richardson and Mr. Blankett have mentioned trying to eat more rich colored vegetables.They both also attempt to perform exercises, which they feel have the power to increase blood flow to their tissues (physical activity), including their brains and thereby keep them more alert (2006, p. 126). Mrs. Richardson also regularly does puzzles (Sudoku) in an attempt to keep her mind alert, and Mr. Richardson rea ds a lot.These are examples of intellectual activity (2006, p. 125). Mrs. Knowles admits she is too busy to do anything to improve her memory. She has an idea of the existence of particular vegetables that do improve memory, but she is not sure specifically which ones they are and has not had the time to find out.How did/do these roles (marriage, parenting, and grandparenting) affect their satisfaction in life?When asked about the roles they have filled and the effect that these have had on their lives, Mrs. Knowles and Mrs. Richardson found the role of parenting to be very fulfilling. They enjoyed taking care of their children and even the challenges that attended the years of child rearing. In comparison with grand-parenting, Mrs. Richardson found parenting to be easier but gained a similar amount of satisfaction from grand-parenting.She considered grand-parenting to have the added satisfaction of watching her own children fulfilling the responsibility and gaining the pleasure of being parents. Mrs. Knowles admitted she had limited knowledge of the grand-parenting stage, considering it to be as distant as retiring.On the other hand, Mr. Blankett cited the milestone of marriage as the one that really changed his life because it ushered him into the role of being the provider—first for his wife and then for the family they reared.Mrs. Richardson mentioned the idea of bereavement as being a part of marriage, as one spouse must die before the other. She admitted to feeling death anxiety before her husband died. He was chronically ill for thirteen years.Because of this, she was able to speak of the several ways in which the process death was a loss for her husband (Bjorklund & Bee, 2006, p. 325). He lost functionality gradually, and in a way she said this was like him losing his body before he died. He did lose his relationships too because he became unable to spend time with his friends in the way he used to before his illness.He was also unable to visit his children and grandchildren in the way he would have if he had been healthy. In a way, for Mrs. Richardson’s husband, his final death was only the end stage of a long process of death.All three participants speak of their impending death with some measure of apprehension, but for Mrs. Richardson it appears to be less scary as she indicates she is ready to go and be where her husband is. She apparently believes in an afterlife (2006, p. 325).She will, however, miss her children and grandchildren. Mrs. Knowles does not want to think of death as she still has children who are not yet fully grown (teenagers) and her husband needs her.[For the purposes of confidentiality, fictional names have been used.] ReferenceBjorklund, B. R. & H. L. Bee. (2006). The Journey of Adulthood. 6th Ed. Upper Saddle River: Â   Prentice Hall.

Citizens Equality in the United States

Citizens Equality in the United States As time goes on, it becomes increasingly clear for more and more Americans that there is something definitely wrong about the functioning of the country’s governmental institutions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Citizens’ Equality in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This reason for this is simple – quite contrary to the official agenda of the advocates of social egalitarianism and political correctness, which during the course of recent decades have been in charge of designing America’s domestic policies, the gap between the country’s rich and poor has been widening in an exponential progression to the flow of time (Miringoff Miringoff 152). Yet, there are good reasons to believe that this is happening not due to the policy-makers’ lack of enthusiasm in promoting the concept of a welfare state. Quite on the opposite – this is taking place because t he currently deployed approaches to ensuring a social fairness within the society are based upon utterly unscientific assumption of citizens’ equality, regardless of what happened to be the specifics of their genetically predetermined rate of Intellectual Quotidian (IQ). In my paper, I will aim to explore the validity of this suggestion at length. One of the main argumentations, as to what causes a growing number of Americans to suffer from poverty, deployed by neo-Marxian social scientists, is the assumption that the country’s GNP continues to be unequally distributed among citizens (Rawls 245). In its turn, this causes many left-wing politicians to suggest that, in order for the rate of inequality within the American society to be kept under control, the government should consider hiring more bureaucrats, whose job would be concerned with ensuring a fair distribution of the national wealth among ‘underprivileged’ Americans. Some of these politicians go a s far as proposing the institutialization of the so-called ‘Peace Department’, the representatives of which would be endowed with the executive powers to exercise an administrative control over the functioning of the country’s free-market economy – all for the sake of advancing the cause of ‘equality’ (Cronkite par. 4). Nevertheless, even though that the equality-obsessed social scientists prove themselves thoroughly insightful, once the distribution of wealth is being concerned, they appear to lack the basic understanding of what causes the GNP to be generated, in the first place, and what accounts for the discursive aspects of the wealth’s generation in a post-industrial era.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This partially explains these people’s unawareness of the fact that, as of today, the value of ‘hum an capital’ continues to increase; whereas, the value of ‘physical capital’ is steadily declining (Milanovic 7). And, it is specifically the varying measure of people’s endowment with the ability to operate with utterly abstract categories (intellect), which defines the extent of their objective value, as ‘human resources’. The reason for this is apparent – the more a particular individual is being capable of relying on its intellect, while facing life-challenges, the more he or she is capable of acting as the agent of a technological progress. And, the more a particular country’s economy is being technologically-intense, the less it requires natural resources to sustain its continual functioning. Nowadays, people’s intellect has assumed the subtleties of a ‘physical capital’, in the literal sense of this word. Therefore, contrary to what the hawks of ‘equality’ suggest, there is nothing unnatural about the fact that; whereas, software designers are being commonly paid as much as $500 per hour, the country’s manual laborers (whose number is growing, due to the ‘multiculturalism’ policy) rarely receive more than $10 for an hour of their work. The objective principles of the free-market economy functioning’ determine such a state of affairs – not the money-greedy capitalists. In its turn, this explains the continual growth of the so-called ‘red market’, where people sell their bodily organs for money (Carney 32). Apparently, being unable to sell their intellect, impoverished people from the Third world countries are left with no choice but to sell the parts of their bodies – in full accordance with the Darwinian laws (Dillard 6). Yet, in the light of recent discoveries in the fields of biology and genetics, these people’s continual poverty (and consequently, their willingness to sell their organs) cannot be solely ex plained by the fact that they have been denied an opportunity to receive a good education. Rather, this situation reflects the fact that, due to the specifics of these people’s genetic makeup, the rate of their IQ is doomed to remain very low – hence, making it impossible for them to attain a social prominence. Given the fact that, due to the institutionalization of the ‘celebration of diversity’ policy in this country, America is now being flooded with legal and illegal immigrants from the Third World, known for their unsurpassed talent in baby-making, there is nothing utterly surprising about the fact that, as time goes on, the educational and living standards in this country continue to deteriorate rapidly. In its turn, this contributes even more to the problem of ‘inequality’. However, instead of admitting the scientifically proven fact that the very laws of biological evolution (which apply to the representatives of Homo Sapiens species, as much as they apply to plants and animals) expose the fallaciousness of the assumption of people’s de facto equality, the governmental officials prefer to remain in the state of an intellectual denial, in this respect. Consequently, this causes them to address the problem of inequality extensively.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Citizens’ Equality in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More That is, instead of revealing the inequality’s objectively predetermined roots, they simply strive to conceal its true causes by the mean of legislating a number of ‘equality promoting’ policies (such as the ‘affirmative action’) and subjecting citizens to the censorship of political correctness (Valenzuela par. 4). Moreover, in order to be able to finance the implementation of their ‘equality facilitating’ policies, these politicians meddle with the functio ning of America’s free-market economy, while trying to turn the U.S. into an essentially Socialist state. Yet, as it was implied by Gladwell, the idea that the capitalist economy can be simultaneously ‘free’ and ‘supervised/planned’ is conceptually wrong, because it does not take into account the Heisenberg’s ‘uncertainty principle’, which defines the very essence of the universe’s workings (164). As a result, the economy’s functioning continues to become ever more inefficient, which negatively affects the process of the GNP’s generation – hence, reducing the amount of ‘wealth’ that is supposed to be equally shared among ‘underprivileged’ citizens and establishing objective prerequisites for them to continue suffering from poverty. I believe that the provided line of argumentation is being fully consistent with the paper’s initial paper. Apparently, in order for American policy-makers to be able to set this country on the path of becoming socially fair, they would have to reassess the validity of the ideology-driven paradigm of people’s ‘equality’. The reason for this is simple – it would make possible for politicians to adopt a scientific approach towards increasing the extent of ordinary citizens’ economic well-being. Carney, Scott. The Red Market: On the Trail of the Worlds Organ Brokers, Bone  Thieves, Blood Farmers, and Child Traffickers. New York: HarperCollins, 2011. Print. Cronkite, Walter. A Department Of Peace? Web. Dillard, Annie. Pilgrim at Tinker Creek. New York: Buccaneer Books, 1974. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Gladwell, Malcolm 2002, Blowing Up. PDF file. 18 Dec. 2012. https://www.gladwellbooks.com/. Milanovic, Branco 2011, More or Less. PDF file. 18 Dec. 2012. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2011/09/pdf/milanovi.pdf. Miringoff, Marc and M. Miringoff. The Social Health of the Nation: How America Is  Really Doing. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Print. Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Print. Valenzuela, Luisa. The Censors. Web. https://southerncrossreview.org/3/censorseng.html.

Social Mentions For Mobile The Best Way To Interact On Social Media

Social Mentions For Mobile The Best Way To Interact On Social Media You’re a Type A marketer who is ALWAYS on the go. Commuting between home and work†¦ Rushing to meetings†¦ Occasionally stealing 5 minutes to grab a latte†¦ #noshame But just because you’re away from the desk, doesn’t mean you stop working! Which meansyou need a mobile app that can keep up with you. An app with the same functionality as the desktop version†¦ with a slick interface for creating + editing foolproof social messages on the fly. Which is why I’m excited to announce ’s Mobile Refresh  and newest feature, Social @Mentions for Mobile! Focus on being an amazing ( + mistake-free) marketer and easily interact with your audience on social media, even when you’re on the go. With the Mobile Refresh and *new* Social @Mentions for Mobile, you can: Avoid (facepalm) mistakes and compose messages FASTER. With the mobile refresh, you get a NEW distraction-free message composer with larger font sizes and bolder colorsmaking it even easier to review your messages (and avoid mistakes) on the go. Add @mentions  to your social messages on the fly!  No more jumping from mobile to desktop just to add a @mention in a social message. With Social @Mentions  for Mobile, you can easily engage + interact with your audience on Facebook, Twitter, AND Instagram directly from your mobile device. Which means you can stay connected with your audience (and avoid any finger flubs) grab that latte†¦Ã°Å¸Ëœ  Thanks to a mobile app that can *actually* keep up with you.

Lipstick Traces and Kalle Lasn's Contemporary Fluxus Text Essay

Lipstick Traces and Kalle Lasn's Contemporary Fluxus Text - Essay Example Culture jamming seeks to raise the power relationship in the object, situation, or discourse to the clarity of immediate criticism, Lasn's conception is highly flexible, which consists of nearly any project or performance that welds art, protest, and humor. It includes a wide array of activities, from counter-surveillance to illegal computer hacking to ad busting. The term â€Å"culture jamming was coined by Kalle Lasn in the book Culture Jam. Lassn , the founder of the anti-consumerist magazine Adbusters, is on a mission to intervene in the media spectacle and work against our habits of blind consumerism. Dyke Action and the Guerrilla Girls are actually more militant than traditional culture jammers. Dyke Action, along with groups such as Gran Fury, Fierce Pussy, Lesbian Avengers, and ACT UP confront serious lesbian and gay issues. The Guerrilla Girls have become renown not only for posters and slogans, but for lectures, public appearances, and books protesting women’s repre sentation as both artists and as subjects. Their work touches on global issues and is concerned with the oppression of women worldwide. What is the spectacle? It's everything - humor, advertising, television, and so forth - comprising today's "spectacular level of commodity consumption and hype," as Kalle Lasn wrote in Culture Jam. And to show how deep the spectacle's recuperation has penetrated social life, successors of situationist theory have been absorbed into the spectacle they fought against. Having become marketing experts, advertising consultants, and advanced campaign managers, many of the culture jammers are now the prizes and trophies of capitalist domination. Not just an accessory source for marketing gurus, radicalism and rebellion are the dialectical anti-thesis of capitalism and thus the perfect synthesis for "post-ideological", late capitalist domination. This Jack in the Box advertisement that I photographed is a perfect example. Culture jamming gets our initial at tention mostly because of the innovative way in which they use imagery, striving to shock and provoke. In this way they are actually enlarging the amount of expressions that are deemed acceptable by the public. What was once provoking, like billboards of Marlboro Country superimposed on images of urban decay, now forms the common element in Diesel's Brand 0 campaign. The use of the original technique by culture jammers consecrated it as cool, and Diesel can now use this to their own benefit. Seen from this angle, culture jamming is working against itself. According to du Gay, meaning is created in dislocation. Dislocation is inevitable, and occurs in our case when a projected brand identity is unable to represent itself entirely objective. In order to be constituted as such, the brand depends on a constitutive outside, the consumers. Put simply, a brand identity must be accepted as such by consumers for it to be perceived as real. Du Gay calls uses the notion of vectors pulling in d ifferent directions. This creates a dynamic process, where meaning and perceived reality is the outcome. I have argued that the massive presence of promotional messages can be seen as part of our perceived realities. Thus, producers and consumers of brands

Business Policy Development and Implementation Critical Thinking Mod 5 Essay

Business Policy Development and Implementation Critical Thinking Mod 5 - Essay Example Encore also an expansion of Wynn Las Vegas is located adjacent to Wynn Las Vegas featuring 2,034 all suited hotel (Wynn Resort, 2013). One of the greatest operational strength of the resort lies in the hands of the founder, Steve Wynn. Wynn resorts differentiate its resort from the competitors through an idea which states, â€Å"Bigger ain’t better. Better is better.† However, as Steve Wynn is the biggest strength for the company similarly if Steve Wynn leaves the organization it shall result in failure for the company acting as weakness for the Wynn resorts and casino (Hoffman, n.d). Growth and expansion strategy Wynn Resorts has been planning to expand its business and build on new resort located on the Cotai strip in Macau and thus plans to spend about $4billion. Wynn operates in Macau as Wynn Macau and Encore and thus by expanding the resort is trying to strengthen the position in Macau. The new project aims to start off on the Cotai strip and plans to have 2000 roo ms, 10 restaurants and 500 gaming tables. Macau has grown to be the epicenter of the gaming industry across the globe with all renowned gaming companies looking for opportunity to expand in the region. According to reports of PWC the gaming market in Macau is expect to double and value at 62.2billion by 2015 (Trefis, 2012). Wynn Resorts and Casino deals in gaming and operates as one of the largest casino players in Las Vegas and other areas. So analyzing the Macau gaming industry, it should be profitable for Wynn Resort and Casino to build a resort in the Cotai Strip. Wynn expects that the Cotai Strip resort shall prove to be irresistible for the guests (Velotta, 2012). To analyze whether Wynn should pursue expansion in Cotai Strip Porters five force model has been used to support the expansion strategy and whether capital investment in the resort shall be profitable. Porters five force deals with five forces and are applied to identify the attractiveness of the industry. The indust ry here is the gaming industry and analysis is made on Macau gaming industry to analyze the future of Wynn resorts and casino. Bargaining power of buyer: The bargaining powers of the buyer refer to the ability of the customer to influence the price as well as terms of purchase. In the gaming industry the buyer power is least as it does not have any power in influencing the price. The prices are set by the companies and it does not change irrespective of any conditions. Wynn resorts plans to raise the price of the resort in Cotai Strip as compared with its other resorts. Power of supplier: The power of supplier is minimal but do not have the power to exert power over the firm and shall not crash on the profitability of the company. Threat of substitute: Threat of substitute for the gaming industry may be categorized from medium to high. But since Wynn Resorts deals in casino, the threat for the resort is relatively low. Threat of potential entrant: The threat of new entrant is low as huge capital investment is required to set up casino as they are already established players in the market. Rivalry: The rivalry is high as almost of the renowned gaming company from across the globe has been planning to expand in Macau that makes the competition even tougher in the current global economy growth rate. Conclusion Analyzing the Porters five force for Wynn Resort and Casino, it may be said that the decision taken by Steve Wynn to expand in Macau

Prescribed methods and tools can be developed for all consulting jobs Essay

Prescribed methods and tools can be developed for all consulting jobs because all Organisations eventually have the same type of problems - Essay Example he client organizations in a wide-range of sectors including finance and banking, telecoms and entertainment, government, health, utilities, energy, mining and infrastructure, retail and consumer business, not for profit/social and manufacturing (O’Mahoney, 2010). This essay aims to analyze the argument, whether prescribed methods and tools can be developed for all consulting jobs because all organisations eventually have the same type of problems, by evaluating published literature in scholarly journals and books. First, the types of management consultancies and the approaches, methods and tools they employ in relation to the various consulting jobs required by client organizations will be examined. Next, the essay will investigate consultancy-client interactions and issues, followed by conclusions The approaches, tools and methods employed by management consultancies to provide assistance to client are principally positioned in the context of organizational development and change, and fundamentally based on reactions to changing external environment (Biggs, 2010). A broader perspective on the change process which explains the overall beliefs concerning realization of a desired change is referred to as approach, whereas the term method provides operational guidance regarding effective management of the change process. The word tool describes a specific practice employed for solving a focused issue during the change process. However, since tools may be slackly connected to specific methods, same tools can be applicable in change processes under different methods. The methods and tools which prove to be effective when employed in a change process, i.e., aligned with client’s strategy and resources, determine their legitimacy. However, some consultants argue that value in the change process is created by unique knowledge and expertise of the consultant rather than the method itself (Werr et al., 1997). Due to the global transition of production-based economy to