Mama Might Be Better Off Dead: The Failure of Health Care

In this essay I’m going to provide a creative review of the book â€Å"Mama Might Be Better Off Dead: The Failure of Health Care in Urban America† and discuss the overall failure of the health care in the modern US. The shocking title of the book speaks for itself. The frank, insightful and humane nature of the book will leave nobody indifferent. The book provides an account of the unhappy destiny of the four generations of the poor and miserable Banes family living in the dirty and dangerous North Lawndale (near Chicago) neighborhoods. Every member of the Banes family experiences health problems, and the government turns out to be unable to protect its citizens from diseases and physical disability. The family is the typical example of a disadvantaged social group. They are African-American, the husband is drug-addicted, children are neglected, and all of them suffer from the so-called â€Å"inherited poverty† – the situation, when poverty is passed from generation to generation. The American government may be successful protection rich, white and young, but when the matter concerns poor and disadvantages, the government either doesn’t care, or is unable to provide quality health protection for them. What problems do the family members face? Younger children don’t get necessary immunization. Grandmother has diabetes and went through the amputation of limbs. The son is partially paralyzed after a stroke. The husband has problems with kidneys. The most striking feature is that the place, where the Banes family lives, is surrounded by the city’s best medical facilities, but they have mo access, moreover, not a single chance for access to them. The author takes the reader for a horrible trip around hospitals, primary care facilities, emergency rooms and even courtrooms, where he Banes try to improve their conditions by trials with home care. Many families in the modern urban America face the same problem as the Banes. They are quickly trapped in the vicious circle of illness and poverty. If citizens are poor, they are especially sensitive to the maladies of the century, for instance, alcohol and drugs addiction, and they don’t adhere to the basic hygienic demands. If citizens are ill, they can easily fall into poverty. It’s shocking that in the urban areas people suffer from the same health care problems as people in the third-world countries. Our government seems to be the most democratic and progressive, but while it’s unable to guarantee basic social rights of its citizens, it can’t be regarded as such. Our government should pay more attention to caring than curing. Health has systematic nature, it’s a habit, and the government should stimulate and, what is more important, allow is citizens to get into it. The author shows that many people in the nowadays America are uninsured and underinsured. It’s not the issue of the numbers of public spending. It’s the issue of attitudes. It’s the issues of loopholes in the health care. It’s the issue of the commitment to quality and equality in this sphere. The author calls for the reform of the Medicaid and Medicare. These health care programs don’t benefit medically underserved communities. Poor and disadvantaged citizens face the lack of access to medical care every day. The policymakers on the highest level don’t know much about the problems their people face in the small towns and suburbs all across the country. The governance of the hospitals is often corrupted and reluctant. It seems that racial discrimination is inexistent in America, but, in fact, medical aid is like litmus that shows all the problems that Africa-Americans and representatives of other minorities face, for example, when the matter concerns the transplantation of organs. The Banes have enough self-respect to battle for the health care, but many other families have to cope with other problems in the first place, including domestic violence, unemployment and crime. The author suggests that a health care should ensure proper and equal access to health care facilities. I know that some hospitals in other states have implemented outreach programs for the minority citizens, for instance, mobile health care centers and interactive health care education. The health care should have a human face. The author shows how treating the poor is bad and unprofitable for the health care business. White doctors can be discriminatory towards disadvantaged minority patients. If children don’t receive proper preventive care, they will be likely to fall into the vicious circle of illnesses and poor health. All these problems should be targeted – and targeted immediately on the federal, state and local levels. The book can and should be viewed as a consistent and sound argument for a health care reform in the modern America. Sources Abraham, L.K. (1994). Mama Might Be Better Off Dead: The Failure of Health Care in Urban America. University of Chicago Press; Re

Factors Affecting Travel To Long Haul Destinations Report Essay

In this report I will talk about how factors affect travelling to long haul destinations and in this I will include: time zones, climate, seasonality and extreme climate conditions, travel restrictions, entry and exit requirements, health issues and social situations. In this report I will cover all of those with destinations such as : Australia, North Africa, Thailand, Indonesia, South Africa and few more. Time zones have a big effect on travelling to long haul destinations as people can get a jet lag which can ruin their holiday experience as they have to rest to get rid of it before they get active into more activities that they want to do whilst on holiday. The enjoyment of anything they do is reduced when they are jet lagged. Insomnia which is not being able to sleep properly is a very common side effect of jet lag and that is caused by the fact you wake up during the night and then sleep during the day which is caused by circadian rhythms being disturbed. Even NASA have estimat ed that you need 1 day of recovery for every time zone you cross to get back to normal so for example if it takes you 8 hours to get to Australia and you go from GMT to GMT+8 then you should have 8 days of recovery before you can actually be normal. This is also an issue with business trips as businessman need to get their thoughts straight on their work and projects as they land and sometimes they can’t because of the loss of concentration from jet lag. This is a big effect on business travel long haul as the employee’s aren’t as successful. The World Health Organization have also discovered that about 50% of people that travel to long haul destinations can catch more infections and illnesses to the lowering of human resistance which is what should fight any illnesses and infections and it cannot do it due to it fighting with the jet lag. The air in the aircraft is also not the same as on the ground and it gets you really dehydrated. British Airways have a jet lag calculator which you can use before your trip and it gives you tips on how to prevent jet lag and what to do to prevent it. Another risk of such a long flight like Australia can cause deep vein thrombosis which can be really fatal if not taken car e of as it can pop and enter straight to your lungs. It has been proven by the World Health Organization Research that the risk of deep vein thrombosis happening doubles. This is caused by the lack of movement and there are tips  on a lot of website of exercises you can do on the plane to avoid the risk and also to buy some in flight socks. Climate and seasonality also have a big effect ton travelling to long haul destinations but that is just because of people not checking and not being informed about important information. Australia has different seasons than England does. Australia’s hottest months are during Christmas time so if someone wants the best out of their weather they would be best to go at that time. People also aren’t aware of the monsoon season in Thailand which is a season of heavy rain falls. Travelling during that period of time is sometimes even more than 50% cheaper however you have to be prepared for worse rainfalls and worse storms than in the UK which not a lot of people like when they go on holidays. In march 2011 there was flooding in Koh Tao which lead to the evacuation of all people and if this happened whil st you were on your holiday it would totally ruin your holiday experience. When it comes to the extreme climate conditions such as the tropical cyclones which happen in the South Pacific Ocean on the South of the equator. There has been a Tropical storm in Mexico in 2013 leaving people with no way to get to the airport with one pair of shorts, sandals and a top waiting to be rescued. People are scared of visiting such destinations due to the risk of something like this happening. Moving onto the travel restrictions which are put in place by the government to inform tourists about any risks when visiting destinations or restrictions that stop them going to the country whatsoever. The FCO is a government company that has a website which gives all up to date information about any risks. There has recently been the Ebola virus ongoing which made the government put on restrictions on travelling to areas of West Africa. These restrictions are put in place at the moment until march 2015 as there still hasn’t been a cure fount and it’s a really deadly disease. Even though there has not been any risks of Ebola in the South Africa the times live have said in their news article that there has been a lot of people cancelling their holidays due to the fact that they are scared of getting the virus. Travel restrictions are put in place to prevent people from getting the disease and spreading it further. Next I will talk about the social situations that affect the travel to long haul destinations. The poverty in a lot of long haul destination countries reaches the extreme levels where beggars are around every corner. Tourists have to be really  careful with showing what they have and showing their wealth as the beggars end up making them feel guilty due to the fact that you maybe don’t want to help them and if you do it still makes you think that it isn’t enough. In Bandung which is a city in Indonesia there is an expected drop of 10% in tourism due to the increase of beggars on the streets. Tourists have to consider the culture and the level of poverty when they go to such an area and prepare themselves mentally to be able to enjoy this holiday. Also another example of this is the Ramadan city in Africa in which there are beggars not from even local areas harassi ng foreign tourists and making them give them all of their belongings. Recently these beggars were harassing two female tourists and when they didn’t succeed in getting anything out of them they tried to steal their stuff. This has been stated by Sumaiya Yousuf on the Rising Kashmir website. Next I will talk about the health issues that affect the travel to some long haul destinations. Health issues include things like diseases and epidemics. There is a disease ongoing at the minute of Ebola in the areas of West Africa which led to travel restrictions for UK citizens. This disease has not only lead to loss of tourism for West Africa but also for South Africa and some Asian cities as people are scared to come and visit those places because of the disease being this close. There has been researches done that showed that if the epidemic spreads into countries such as Nigeria and Senegal, Africa could lose up to 32.6 billion by the end of 2015. The Research also shows a 20%-40% drop in demand to travelling to areas close to the affected regions. All of this is stated in a International Business Times news online. Entry and Exit requirements are another issue affecting travel to a long haul destination due to the cost of it as they are really high. A single visit visa to China costs  £30 per person, vaccinations and the certificates for them could cost from  £15-  £150 per person depending on the destination and departure taxes when you are leaving to go back to England vary from  £20- £35 per person. Sometimes your departure tax is included in your flight however in some destinations such as Aruba, Dominican Republic, Jamaica and a few more you have to pay in local currency at the airport before you leave back home. Australia over the years since 2009 has increase their departure tax from $AUS7 to $AUS46 which as you can tell is a quick increase, we don’t know whether other countries will be doing departure taxes however it is really of putting when tourists  go to destinations and a lot of their money goes on Visas, Departure tax and Vaccination certificates.

An Analysis of the Declaration of Independence

Analysis of the Declaration of Independence By understanding the time frame written in the Declaration of Independence, you can see its impact on the early American people and how they handle this famous sentence. In this article I will explain the basic idea included in the Declaration of Independence, the influence of the declaration on the American Revolutionary War, and the reason why the declaration is considered a radical document. These topics show the premise of the Declaration of Independence and are discussed and analyzed to explain why and how it was written. Analysis of the Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence was aimed at releasing colonists from King George's bondage. This document affects the cornerstone of the United States and is one of the most important documents in American history. The Declaration of Independence is the foundation of that country. But what Jefferson and other signers did not think about is this firmness and f irmness ... Do most of us want to know what inspiration for the Declaration of Independence is? Who did influence Thomas Jefferson, one of the great founders, or who created such an important document in American history. To truly understand what affects Thomas Jefferson, you must understand some of the people who motivated him when writing this document. Declaration of Independence - Declaration of Independence In May 1776, the Virginia Treaty of Williamsburg passed a resolution requiring that 13 United States colonies declare that the colonies are free and independent of the British royal family. At the 2nd Continental Congress, the resolution was passed and a committee of five people, led by Thomas Jefferson on 11th June 1776, was established to write the Declaration of Independence. - In his essay Evil and Almighty, Maggie built views that opposed the possibility of the existence of God with the characteristics of the main religion: Christianity, Islam and Judaism. These feature s are completely gentle that God is omnipotent, or evil, be able to stop the kindness of almighty, or want to destroy evil.

Health Care Systems of Singapore and United States Essay

Health Care Systems of Singapore and United States - Essay Example The WHO Report revealed that U.S health system spends a higher portion of its Gross Domestic Product than any other country of the 191 countries. The report ranked U.S at position 37 according to its health care performance. Bureau report of 2006 revealed that 15.8 percent of citizens had no insurance cover. This represented an approximate of 47 million people (DeNavas-Walt et al, 2007:27). This paper compares the health care systems of United States and Singapore. It will look at the organisation, funding, regulation, and quality. Organisation The organisation of the health care system in United States and Singapore differs markedly. To start with, the structure of the health care systems in Singapore encourages her citizens to take responsibilities for their well-being. Singapore health care system comprises of both private and public hospitals. The organisation of health care system embraces three central components of the health care that include Medisave, Medishield, and Medifun d. Medislave is a compulsory saving plan while Medishield is a low cost, catastrophic health insurance scheme while Medifund is a welfare scheme. The three accounts augment government’s system of subsidies for health care. ... The polyclinics account 20 percent of the primary health care provision while the private sector captures 80 percent. However, the public health care accounts for 80 percent while that of private health care is 20 percent in the expensive hospital care (Usa, 2009:111). The structure of health care system in United States is very different from that of Singapore. The health system in United States are very fragmented and decentralised. The health care system concentrate on making profits and patients pay for all health care services. Although the government of United States invests many funds in the health care system, the outcomes are dismal. The organisation of health system in United States embraces private and public insurers in the health care system. The health insurance systems include the Medicaid and Medicare (Barr, 2011:14). The Medicare program, which the government of United State oversees, caters for the elderly and disabled people. The payroll taxes and federal revenues and premiums finance the Medicare insurance. On the other hand, Medicaid covers the low-income earners and the disabled. The federal law dictates that Medicaid should insure parents, disabled, poor pregnant women, and the aged people only. This program is under the State and the District of Columbia. This insurance covers about 13 percent of the American people that makes about 20 percent of total health care spending (Barr, 2011:166). In addition to the public Medicare and Medicaid, United States has private insurance system. This cover caters for 58 percent of the American population amounting to 33 percent of the total spending of health expenditure (Niles,

The law of contracts and the law of torts Essay

The law of contracts and the law of torts - Essay Example Hadley v. Baxendale involved millers whose crankshaft had broken, and they called upon the defendants to deliver a crankshaft to repair. The defendants delayed sending the crankshaft to plaintiffs for seven days when it was only supposed to take two. The plaintiffs milling operation ceased during the period this seven day period. Therefore, the plaintiffs sued for profits lost during the five extra days that the crankshaft was not delivered. The court ruled that the plaintiffs could not recover such loss, as it could not fairly and reasonably be considered to arise naturally from the breach. Hadley established the basic rule for how to determine the scope of consequential damages arising from a breach of contract, and this rule is that parties should only be liable for all losses that ought to have been contemplated by the contracting parties, and those that arise naturally, in the ordinary course, from the breach. Hadley's basic rule regarding damages was modified to the composite t est of â€Å"reasonably foreseeable as liable to result† in Victoria Laundry (Windsor) Ltd v Newman Industries Ltd (1949). Victoria Laundry regarded a laundry which ordered a boiler from Newman Industries. Newman Industries delivered the boiler five months late. During this period of time, Victoria Laundry had to forego a lucrative contract with the ministry of supply, due to the Victoria Laundry's limited laundry cleaning capacity, which was a result of not having the boiler.

Wireless technology and its impact on computer networking Essay

Wireless technology and its impact on computer networking - Essay Example Three quarters of a century later, civilization witnessed the birth of a new era, one which was largely ahead of its predecessor in terms of technological advancements. This new era as we all know it is the age of information technology. One need not go into the depth and the history of this achievement but move on towards a more current realization, the accomplishment which is more conveniently termed as an industry due to its sheer magnitude and relative importance. According to Kaveh Pahalavan and Prashan Krishnamurthy, "it owns the largest market share, and it has enabled us to change our lifestyles by entering the information technology age. This industry is the telecommunication networking industry"."Wireless networking has exploded in popularity in the last few years. From the way we communicate with friends and family to the way we conduct our daily business, and even the way we listen to music, wireless networking is quickly changing the face of technology" (Magoo). The impa ct of wireless networking or WiFi (wireless fidelity) on the existing computer networking has been rather drastic. And the number of benefactors are countless, educational and business institutions are just a few to name. It is the birth of a new dynasty, the new generation of telecommunications. The WiFi system provides support to countless devices for connection, may it be laptops, cell phones, PDAs etc. Wi-Fi or Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is based on the IEEE 802.11 specifications. "IEEE 802.11, the Wi-Fi standard, denotes a set of Wireless LAN/WLAN standards developed by working group 11 of the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee (IEEE 802)" (Wikipedia). A typical Wi-Fi setup involves setting up access points which as the term suggests are geographical areas where internet can be access via a router. A wireless network is a very complex structure and has evolved over the past decade. Some light needs to be shed on the entire architecture of a wireless network. In that respect, an important reference point is the OSI model. "The OSI, or Open System Interconnection, model defines a networking framework for implementing protocols in seven layers" (Webopedia). The seven layers are defined as Application (Layer 7), Presentation (Layer 6), Session (Layer 5), Transport (Layer 4), Network (Layer 3), Data Link (layer 2), and Physical (Layer 1). In the OSI model, control is passed on from the top layers to the bottom, one-by-one and back up. For example, an information exchange between two users will go in such way that 'user 1' will send data from one terminal. The data will transmit via all the layers starting from the application layer down to the physical layer. There will be a physical link between the physical layers of both users. The data will be transmitted to the physical layer o f 'user 2' via a physical link. Once there, it will be passed on the hierarchy up to the application layer where it will be received by the user. One common misconception has to be clarified that the user is not a part of the OSI model. "The OSI serves as a reference model for all network protocols because its functionality exists in all communications systems, although two or three OSI layers may be incorporated into one" (TechWeb). The OSI model is an important aspect in the entire architecture on which serves as the basis of networking. All network communication taking place between two devices is based on all or some layers (TCP/IP) of the OSI Model. Using this definition on the original topic, it can be deduced that OSI model is a networking standard and wireless networking is a part of it. When it comes to wireless networking, the OSI model alone is not responsible for data transmission. It requires support

Thank you later Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Thank you later - Essay Example It tells us that Miss Moore's lesson has had an impact. This is from 'Everyday Use' by Alice Walker and Dee is speaking to her mama regarding the quilts she wanted to take from Maggie. She viewed them as valuable now, having identified herself with her African American roots. She thought Maggie was not worthy of owning such items, would only use them and destroy them, while she would display them for decoration. The quote showed Dee's attitude to her sister and her own heritage.3. This comes from 'Sonny's Blues' by James Baldwin and is the narrator, Sonny's older brother speaking. He realized the power and wonder Sonny created with his music. It also suggested a deeper understanding of himself, society and his and Sonny's place within it. He valued his brother and his talent at last.5. Mrs. Wright would be meek and obedient, rather scared of the others at first, especially Torvald because he is a man. She might look for instructions from the other women, being afraid to draw attention or to assert her independence. Dee would be annoyed at their situation, tidying herself up, concerned with her appearance and status, and maybe a little impatient with Mrs. Wright.Torvald, as the only man, used to having his own way and women running around after him, might try to organize the women into carrying out tasks such as fetching wood, looking for food, making a shelter. Miss Moore would at first observe all that was happening, then talk to everyone to get their views on how to deal with things. Dee would tell Torvald to stop trying to be master over the women, maybe even argue with him, which would annoy him greatly. Once Mrs. Wright felt she was safe, thanks to Dee's brave attitude and Miss Moore's regard for her input, she would become more assertive. All of them would have to change to more cooperative behaviors and accept that in order to survive, they must see each other's strengths and treat each other as equals. 6. This quote forms the last words in 'The Storm' by Kate Chopin. It has ambiguity, after what Calixta did with Alcee while her husband and son took shelter at the shop. The 'storm' could be interpreted as her passion and the 'happiness' of everyone concerned is ironic. Bobinot was blissfully ignorant, Bibi was safe at home, Alcee's passion had been shared, and his wife Clarisse did not have to sleep with him, which made her happy. It was an ironic closure, suggesting more tempests to come. 7. Aunt Jennifer's Tigers 1. Adrienne Rich is the poet. 2. The speaker is a detached observer, and could be the voice of a young person relating what she saw as the sad life of the older woman, told in an ironic tone. 3. This relates to the tigers Aunt Jennifer was embroidering. 4. Metaphor for tigers 5. The wedding ring's "massive weight" that "sits heavily" symbolized the burden she was under in being married to uncle. 6. She was afraid of him, as the tigers are not afraid of men. The poet talked of "terrified hands" and "ordeals" Aunt had suffered. Name Anderson Scholarship Address Address Date: Write in Dear..MrMrs etc. I am writing to thank you for donating the Anderson

Rent Car in Uk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Rent Car in Uk - Essay Example s description alongside clarifications on goals, financial and marketing strategies, opportunities, challenges and projected targets form the main sections of the business plan. The UK is a commercial and social hub not only for Europe but for the global community as well. Transport services for the numerous visitors into the country therefore form an important part of the support industries for the status of the country on the global slot. In light of the ever-increasing demand for transport services for persons visiting the country against constrained capital investment in the motor industry, a rare business opportunity lurks behind this industry. Fun-Rove UK is a business targeting the opportunity provided by the momentous opportunity that the status of the UK offers to commuter service industry, for both leisure and commercial business targets. As a matter of location strategy, the City of London is undoubtedly the most competitive cities on the consideration of its status as the capital city of the UK. Numerous economic commuter service opportunities emerge from socioeconomic and political activities hosted by the London City for the UK and for various international organizations. In this view, Fun-Rove UK will set its base in the City of London, which acts as a connection centre for various clients also visiting various destinations in the UK. The car rental business in the City of London has increased over the years as the City grows to accommodate more visitors either as leisure tourists or as business tourists. Most of the clients visiting London prefer to hire the car and a driver to accompany them during the entire duration of the contract, which is considered by Fun-Rove UK. London is among the biggest cities in Europe with numbers expected to hit the nine million mark by 2020, which illustrates an extraordinary flow of human traffic in and out of the City. This population requires important transportation services to relocate from one Borough to the

Report and PowerPoint presentation about comparing between two Dining Essay

Report and PowerPoint presentation about comparing between two Dining Hall - Essay Example Others will have their dining halls centralized at one building while others prefer decentralized services. However, the ultimate objective of these plans is providing quality and affordable meals to the students. in this easy, I present my findings from an analysis of two leading universities’ dining halls in the state of Florida, the Florida University of Technology dining hall and the University of Florida dining hall. Features of the Florida University of Technology dining hall Centralization into one building The Florida University of Technology dining hall, commonly known as the Panther Dining Hall, is the sole food provider to the students in the campus. Located at the main residential building in the university, the dining hall seeks to provide the students with convince in the accessibility of food to the students. ... With its large windows that always remain open; the dining hall has a good supply of air. Additionally, students can enjoy outside weather, by choosing to eat from the outside. There are cleaners who constantly keep on mopping the floor, thus maintaining its clean nature. Quality and variety of meals Despite being the sole food provider in the university, the dining hall strives to offer the students with a variety of meals that are high quality and affordable. Professionally prepared and packaged, the students receive high standard services from the dining hall. Having a meal in the hall gives one the impression of eating from a three star restaurant. Among the popular meals available in the dining hall to the students, include pizza buffet, pasta to order, deli, dessert, home-style entree with carvery, and salad (â€Å"Florida Institute of Technology,† 2013.) Presence of bars and international drinks Within its premises, there is an international bar and grill, which serves students with different alcoholic brands. With a variety of different alcoholic beverages, most of which are drawn from different countries, the dining hall factors in the international students (â€Å"Florida Institute of Technology,† 2013.) Therefore, one does not have to leave the campus premises in order to have their drinks. Not unless the students want to for a night out in the city, the dining hall fully caters for all the drinks that students could require. This enhances their security, as they do not have to leave the school compound most of the times. Different alcoholic bars and beverage bars The dining hall also has a beverage bar, one that serves the non-alcoholic drinks to the students (â€Å"Florida Institute of Technology,† 2013). This

Interview a business manager and write a report on the interview Assignment

Interview a business manager and write a report on the interview - Assignment Example Mr. X is both the project manager and a 10 per cent share holder of the firm. Owing to the tiny share of ownership, he works more as an employee than an owner. The ABC Construction Company has been serving as a contractor in the market for over thirty years now. The company has worldwide representation. Since its establishment, the company has received several renowned projects because of the personal links and strong network of the major shareholders of the ABC Company with the big clients. Construction work fascinated Mr. X since childhood. He always knew he would land in the construction industry somehow when he is grown up. Accordingly, he got admission in an engineering university and studied the Bachelor of Civil Engineering. Mr. X came from a well-off background. By the time he graduated, Mr. X had sufficient money in his pocket to become 10 per cent shareholder of the newly forming ABC Company that belonged to his seniors who had graduated about five years before him and had resolved to establish a construction company of their own by the time Mr. X was receiving his degree. Owing to the limited resources, the seniors were looking for interested parties that would invest into the business and become share holders in it upon their conditions. Since they were the graduates of the same engineering university, Mr X trusted them and decided to invest his money into their business for a 10 per cent share. Besides, he had received his degree at a time when the market was suffering from financial crisis and the jobs were almost non-existent. In these circumstances, Mr. X personally wanted that company to establish so that he would find a job for himself. After ten years of work as a site engineer, he was made the project manager because of his hard work and technical and technological expertise. Mr. X sees many weaknesses in the business, most of which find their origin in the unsuitable organization structure. Quite often, Mr. X complains of disparity between what he instructs his subordinates to do and what they come up with as a result. Mr. X partly blames the top management for this. He believes that he has been assigned more responsibility than authority. Top management expects him to finish the tasks according to schedule, but when he digs deep into the work in order to identify the underlying issues that are causing the delays in the work and are hindering the performance of the crew on the site, the top management hardly helps him out with the issues he notifies them of. The problem essentially exists because of the fact that the top management employs him as a dummy in order to satisfy the client, and does not give due consideration to his opinions, requests and suggestions. This can also be attributed to the fact that the top management solely assumes the decision making power and does not at all share it with Mr. X whereas his role in the hierarchy of the organization structure is central and Mr. X needs to be given certain dec ision making power. Mr. X feels very unfortunate given he can not make the top management realize how important it is to approve his requests. The strengths of the business are that the company has made a lot of profit in the past and has made a good reputation in the market. The clients place confidence in the work of their company and it is often the clients’ number one choice whenever a new project is about to commence. Despite all

Mix Map Model Essay Example for Free

Mix Map Model Essay Mixmap model provides information that helps the company to determine the factors that effectively analyse the present tactics and based on the analysis it can determine future tactics. Mixmap model includes 4P’s, Product life cycle, BCG matrix and Ansoff matrix. * Product life cycle Product life cycles (PLC) are the stages that a product goes through during its life cycle in the market. Product life cycle is used in order to show current stage of the product or the company at present which including four stages, Introduction, Growth, Maturity and Decline. PLC is useful for determining the current market position and it is significant for the company to adapt their product or brands marketing strategy to the changing condition of the market environment. Introduction – is first introduced. It offers something new in terms of its design or performance, with few competitors offering the same product. Growth – as volume grows, competitors may enter the growing market. Keeping up with demand could prove to be the main operations.. Maturity Demand starts to level off. Operations will be expected to get the costs down in order to maintain profits or to allow price cutting. Decline After time, sales will decline with more competitors dropping out of the market. Eg. MS is in a high fashion industry and its product offering is the latest trends and designs with a life of maximum 2 weeks so its product life cycle cure becomes like the above diagram. * Boston Group Matrix – Uses market share and market growth criteria for determining the attractiveness and balance of a business portfolio. Star – is a business unit within a portfolio, which has a high market share in a growing market. It is well- established and fantastic opportunities. Question mark – is a business unit within a portfolio that is in a growing market, but does not yet have high market share. Cash cow – is a business unit within a portfolio that has a high market share in mature market. Dogs – are business units within a portfolio that have low share in static or declining markets. Example MS in terms of BCG matrix is either ‘dogs’ (cash in balance) or question marks (cash cow). The portfolio of MSs products is good in clothing having star position and in food MS has occupied the position of question mark relative market shares is low with low industry growth and in financial services industry growth is high but MSs market share is low and will require substantial capital investment to turn them into stars. * McKinsey Matrix – Highlights the importance of fit between strategy, structure, sytems, staff, style, skills and superordinate goals. Three aspects of organizing. First, organizing involves a lot more than just getting the organizational structure right; there are many other elements to attend to. Second, the 7-s framework emphasizes fit between all these elements everything from structure to skills needs to be connected together. Third, if managers change one element of the 7-s, the concept of fit suggests they are likely to have to change all the other elements as well in order to keep them all appropriately aligned to each other. Strategy are plans an organization formulates to reach identified goals, and a set of decisions and actions aimed at gaining a sustainable advantage over the competition Structure – is the key ingredient of organizing for success. But structure can only work if they are supported by formal and informal organizational system System – can be subdivided in two ways. First, systems tend to emphasis either control over inputs or control over output. The second is between direct and indirect control. Style – refers to the leadership style of top managers in an organization and how key managers behave to achieving the organization goals. Staff – is about the kinds of people in the organization and how they are developed. Skills – relates to staff. It raises not only staff skills but also issues to do with how these skills are embedded in and captured by the organization as a whole. Superordinate goals – refers to the overarching goals or purpose of the organization as a whole. Superordinate goals are placed at the center of the 7-s framework: all other elements should support these. Example MS are fully exercising the 7s model and coordinating at all levels to generate maximum output. Structure is well defined since it is old player in this industry so they have learnt a lot from their experience curve and now have developed an outstanding structure. In the initial phase MS got experience through hit and trial method and now have developed good strategies and system. MS also has got excellent skills and is full getting benefit of these skills. They are well known figures in clothing industry and have gained professional and productive staff. MS have shared values which are widely spread in its all 7s and are reflected by their strategic moves * Ansoff’s Matrix – Is a very useful tool and can be used in nearly every scenario. It neatly summarizes many of the strategic options facing organizations. Market penetration – existing markets and products This is a strategy by which a company seeks to increase the sales of its present products in its existing markets. Product development – existing markets and new product This strategy has the aim of increasing sales by developing products for a company’s existing market. Market development – existing products and new markets This strategy has the aim of increasing sales by repositioning present products to new markets Diversification – develop new products in new markets This could be related to what we do at the moment. Diversification is a high risk strategy as the business is unfamiliar with the product and the target market. Example We can see from the Ansoffs Matrix, MS’s lunch of Financial services products will have involved a diversification strategy. As MS did not already sells financial products, so new market and new product. Both capability and market consideration has driven MS into development of new markets and products. 4Ps * Price – The price of a product or service is the important influencers in the decision on whether to buy. Eg. Marks and Spencer vary in price. However most of the products seem to be fairly cheap affordable prices. This is good because the clothes are of good quality; however the pricing isn’t too expensive. * Promotion – represents all of the methods of communication that a marketer may use to provide information to different parties about the product. The promotion mix consists of four elements: advertising, sales promotion, public relations and personal selling. Eg. Marks and Spencer tend to promote ladies fashion mainly on Television and on their website. They also advertise on billboards etc. * Place – refers to providing the product at a place, which is convenient for consumers to access.eg. For MS all ladies fashion is placed on a certain floor in the store, so it is easily found and is easy to locate, and find particular product. * Product – Product covers both the usefulness and demand for an item in general and also any specific features and benefits. In general, when buying the fast fashion clothes, style and quality are the key requirements for customer. If it is to stand out from rivals products. It can be done by changing this brand name, quality, and packaging. Eg. MS offers many different clothing concepts for man, woman and children, and also sell accessary and cosmetic.

Venice region Essay Example for Free

Venice region Essay An American archeologist who studies the history of Venice suggested a multi-billion dollar floodgate to be built to save the city from rising waters knowing that science often rest on chance discovery. A 10 feet deep and more than 30 feet wide pit has been dug next to an ancient Basilica. It was below sea level and to keep it from filling with water, a pump was put in it. In that dug, a stone walk dated around second century lay. It is one of the oldest sign of human habitation in the Vatican archipelago. The lost world artifacts would let Dr. Ammerman and his colleagues to estimate the past of the city. It is also important in determining the rate of past and future subsidence of the city. With their findings, it is planned to propose a floodgate that will keep the city from disappearing into the sea. The structures will cost from $2 billion to $4 billion composing of 79 mobile floodgates. Everyday, the tide goes up to 3 feet. The tide on 1966 caused wide damage and economic losses. Tidal surges that are driven by heavy rains, winter weather patterns and southerly winds that blow Adriatic water northward caused the said destruction. Corrosive sea salt weakens the red bricks of the ground floor of the many old buildings. Some doors are rotten because of past flooding. Raised walkways are set in winter floods and some tour books suggest a high boots. On the other hand, many are the cause of Venice’s subsidence; local industries pumping of water from beneath the Venice region, the oxidation of peat that forms as part of the substrate, the compaction of spongy sediments caused by the weight of buildings. From time to time the rates of subsidence become bigger. This is due to the rate of growing population; in what way? Population is growing not linearly but in a parabolic manner, in that case the rate of weight the underlying soil is carrying is also increasing and so with the rate of water needs. Weathering also contributes to the sinking of the city. Rocks beneath are exposed to chemical weathering due to the chemicals that human thrown. Mechanical weathering on the other hand plays smaller role than chemical weathering. Also, the melting of the ice due to global warming causes the sea level to raise thus making Venice sink. Many plans are proposed on the case of Venice. What I can suggest to prevent the city from sinking is to nourish the city with a harder material that will serve as a foundation at the bottom. Also floodgates will help, and, the population, quantity of tourist, and the building construction should be controlled and above all control the cause of global warming. In this way the city’s beauty will be preserved.

Conflict Management in Aviation

Conflict Management in Aviation Conflict Resolution Conflicts occur when there are disagreements between an individual or groups. When an individual strongly oppose each other’s ideas a conflict may start. Conflict can start anytime and at any place between anyone. A conflict results in verbal arguments, abuses and also spoils relationships. What should be noted is no matter how well you manage your organization conflicts may arise no matter what. Conflicts are always not bad for an organization. If managed properly conflicts can generate a positive outcome to the organization. Different skills are used by the authorities to solve conflicts. Discussed below are few strategies used to manage conflicts. Accommodating- this strategy essentially gives the opposing side what it wants. The use of accommodation often occurs when one of the parties wishes to keep the peace or treats the issue as minor. Avoiding- The avoidance strategy tries to put off conflict before it happens. By delaying or ignoring the conflict, the avoider hopes the problem resolves itself without a argument. Those who actively avoid conflict frequently have low esteem or hold a position of low power. In some circumstances, avoiding can serve as a profitable conflict management strategy Collaborating- This works by joining ideas set out by multiple people. The main objective of this strategy is to find a creative solution acceptable to everyone. Collaboration, though useful, takes significant time to be solved Compromising- This strategy typically calls for both sides of a conflict to give up in order to establish an acceptable solution. This strategy prevails most often in conflicts where the parties hold approximately equivalent power. Competing- This strategy usually results in which one side wins and other loses. Highly assertive personalities often fall back on competition as a conflict management strategy. Although this is not the best solution for a conflict it is widely used by the management to solve conflicts. On the topic of conflict management George Kohlrieser states that, ‘Conflict management plays a very important role at workplaces to prevent conflicts and for the employees to concentrate on their work. The team leaders must ensure that the roles and responsibilities of each and every employee are clearly passed on to them.’ Managing conflicts is very vital for the organization because if not handled properly they can affect the productivity of the company output. Training the staff of such situation can be advantageous to the organization by many ways. If the necessary training is given to the staff the conflicts can be prevented and be handled in a more professional manner. The employer would also feel the importance of conflict management and also would make sure to contribute to prevent it at any cost. Merit 02 Conflict Transformation One perception of a conflict is that it can be good for the organization. If a conflict has come up it is verily due to one of the weakness within the organization. Once this weakness is identified the organization or business is able to rectify it and operate better. Conflicts are classified into two as long term and short term. Short-term conflicts can be relatively easily resolved while long-term conflicts involve non-negotiable issues that tend to resist resolution.Conflict may be a burden to the organization if it goes long term. As we have discussed before, an unresolved conflict may affect the productivity of the company and would result in the downfall of the organization. The following texts are taken from Challenges of negotiating long term concerns (2010),‘to protect the future interests of their organization, negotiators sometimes must accept fewer benefits or absorb greater burdens in the short run to maximize the value to all relevant parties – including future employees and shareholders – over time.’ If the conflict is not resolved the organization would take every possible measure to solve it. Negotiators are brought in by the company if there is no short term solution for the conflict. This measure is taken by the organization to prevent the conflict to be a long term one because it would then become a more complex problem. The negotiators would try to accept the demands put up by the parties who are affected even if it’s not highly beneficial for the organization. If a conflict does become a long term issue it would be a highly complex problem for the organization to solve. Then the organization would have to make sure to have constant interaction with the parties who are involved so that the conflict can be solved without any further due. Distinction 02 Reasons for a conflict Reason for conflict- The subordinate of the airline feels ignored by the superior and complains that the company is not bothered about the physical welfare of the individual and also feels that he is not satisfied with the return he gets on all the hard work he puts in. Solution- The best solution the superiors can come up with is to first have a meeting with the sub ordinate to discuss the issue. Here they can discuss all the problems the individual is going through and a solution for it. Since the subordinate feels that he’s presence is not felt by the airline, the superior should get them involved during any decision making process of the company. Airlines should also have meetings and agendas to discuss the problems of the company and its employees. In this way the business is able to build a rapport between the superiors and its sub ordinates. This would make the employees that their idea is looked into and they feel that they too are important assets of the company. Since the employee feels that he doesn’t get enough return for all the hard work he puts into, the airline decides to pay him extra for every additional hour he works. They also decide to give him an allowance for transport since he might have to travel late in the night during overtime. The airline should make sure when giving solutions that the other employees are also treated fairly. Therefore before coming up with the solution the airline should study the operations first and then provide the solution after thinking wisely because an unresolved conflict could hamoer the potential production of the airline. Task 04 Conventions Tokyo Convention This convention is also known as Convention of Offences and certain other acts committed on board of the aircraft. This was basically an international treaty which concluded at Tokyo on the 14th of September 1963. The Convention is valid to offences against penal law and to any act which tends to jeopardize the safety of persons or property on board civilian aircraft while in flight. Coverage includes the commission of or the intention to commit offences and certain other acts on board aircraft registered in a Contracting State in-flight over the high seas and any other areas beyond the territory of any State in addition to the airspace belonging to any Contracting State. Criminal jurisdiction may be exercised by Contracting States other than the State of Registry under limited conditions. For the first time in the history of international aviation law this convention recognized certain powers of the aircraft commander who on international flights may restrain any person he has reaso nable cause to believe is committing or is about to commit an offence liable to interfere with the safety of persons or property on board or who is jeopardizing good order and discipline. The Hague Convention TheHague Hijacking Convention(formally theConvention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft) is multilateral treatyby which states agree to prohibit and punishaircraft hijacking. The convention does not apply to customs, law enforcement or military aircraft, thus it applies exclusively to civilian aircraft.The convention concludedon 16 December 1970, the convention has currently has 185 state parties. The convention only addresses situations in which an aircraft takes off or lands in a place different from its country of registration. The convention sets out the principle that a party to the treaty must prosecute an aircraft hijacker if no other state requests his or herextraditionfor prosecution of the same crime. Montreal Convention This convention was formally known astheConvention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air. This convention was signed by 105 parties on the 28th of May 1999. It amended important requirements of theWarsaw Convention rule concerning compensation for the victims of air disasters. The Convention attempts to re-establish a new set of rules relating to the international carriage ofpassengers,baggageand cargo. The following texts were taken from Handling disruptive passengers (1998), ‘Unruly and violent passengers create a massive safety risk to the aircraft and its passengers. They can also prove to be very expensive to airlines. In some cases, captains have been forced to divert a flight to eject the violent passenger. British Airways has said that the average cost of an unscheduled landing is 40,000 pounds sterling.’ Airlines try their best when handling disruptive passengers because in aviation or any other business customer is considered as king. When it comes to airlines, they make sure to follow the specific guidelines provided to by IATA. Airlines are advised not to take drunken passengers in the aircraft. During flight if the airline feels that a passenger is getting too drunk, they can refuse to serve them more alcohol because it could make them unruly later on. Unruly and disruptive passengers are not tolerated by airlines because they can jeopardize the safety of aircraft, therefore airlines follow a strict set of rules when it comes to handling them. The airline crew can go to the extent of killing a disruptive passenger if they are trying to enter the cockpit forcefully. In minor cases such as verbal or physical abuse the cabin staff would use constraint belts to tie up the passenger. Merit 03 Aspects of Conflict There is a theory stating that conflicts have its own life cycles. At first stage it would not be that effective then during transformation it would reach an emotional level and event may lead up to a violent climax and then disappears and often reappears again. There is a reason why and individuals or groups have goals: Goals may be mismatched (different from one another) When goals are mismatched an issue would arise. A party with unrealized goals would feel frustrated Frustration then would lead to aggression which would also lead to verbal or physical violence. This violence would affect conflict with the goals and objectives. In this way a conflict would never be resolved. A simple conflict may combine with other conflicts and turn into a very complex situation where the solution can be complicating, On the topic of conflict transformation Johan Galtung states that, ‘a conflict may almost get eternal life, vexing and waning, disappearing and reappearing, the original, root, conflict recedes into the background like when cold war attention focused mostly on such means of destruction as nuclear missiles. Conflicts have both life-affirming and life-destroying aspects. Once formed, conflicts undergo a variety of transformational processes. .Conflict transformation is concerned with five specific types of transformation, focusing upon the structural, behavioral and attitudinal aspects of conflict: a. Actors– modifying actors’ goals and their approach to pursuing these goals, including by strengthening understanding as to the causes and consequences of their respective actions; b. Contexts– challenging the meaning and perceptions of conflict itself, particularly the respective attitudes and understandings of specific actors towards one another; c. Issues– redefining the issues that are central to the prevailing conflict, and reformulating the position of key actors on those very issues; d. Rules– changing the norms and rules governing decision-making at all levels in order to ensure that conflicts are dealt with constructively through institutional channels; e. Structures– adjusting the prevailing structure of relationships, power distributions and socio-economic conditions that are embedded in and inform the conflict, thereby affecting the very fabric of interaction between previously incompatible actors, issues and goals. For conflict transformation to happen, tensions between parties to the conflict must be overcome by ensuring that all actors recognize their interests not through violence. Conflict transformation looks beyond clear issues and is characterized by creative problem-solving. Conflict transformation involves a third party, in order to help actors modify their emotional views on the ‘Other’, thereby helping to break down divisions between the two parties involved in the conflict. Distinction 03 Policy Regarding Unruly Passenger Unruly and disruptive passengers are common sight which occurs in airports and also during flights. Passengers usually become unruly when they are drunk. Flight delays and or poor customer service are few other contributory factors for disruptive passengers. Airlines usually try their best to avoid such situations because it could affect the goodwill of the airline. Therefore airlines handle these cases with much precaution because they are highly sensitive. The following texts are taken from Disruptive passenger behavior, ‘The problem of unruly passengers is constantly increasing within the airline industry. Although unruly passengers represent only a minute proportion of our passengers as a whole, we must never forget that one aggressive passenger can jeopardize safety on board.’ Airlines try to take immediate measure when handling unruly and disruptive passengers since they could jeopardize the safety of the aircraft. When it comes to handling these cases airlines usually follow the guidelines provided by IATA regarding handling unruly and disruptive passengers. If the pilot in command feels that that the passenger has done or is about to do anything which may jeopardize the safety of the aircraft the pilot is entitled to take reasonable measures To protect the safety of the aircraft. Protect persons on board Disembark unruly or violent passengers. Such measure could include physically restraining the violent passengers. Every reasonable effort to protect passengers against any offences by unruly and disruptive passengers should be made. Passengers who are likely to be unruly and disruptive must be carefully monitored, and if necessary, refused embarkation. The flight crew is also trained to handle violent passengers. Alcohol is considered to be one of the root causes for unruly passengers therefore the crew makes sure to monitor the behavior of the passengers who consume alcohol. They also make sure to stop serving alcohol to passengers whom they feel will go to a state of drunkenness. Airlines make sure to handle disruptive and unruly passengers in an appropriate manner so that the passenger’s feelings are not hurt because in fact the customer is king when it comes to any business. Reference Page Journals Conflict Management (2005) by George Kohlrieserpg5 Available at: http://www.imd.org/research/publications/upload/PFM149_LR_Kohlrieser.pdf?MRK_ CMPG_SOURCE=webletter-july-07> Handling disruptive passengers (1998) by Martin Pittpg9 Available at: http://www.ukfsc.co.uk/files/Safety%20Briefings%20_%20Presentations/Cabin%20Safety%20-%20Disruptive%20Passenger%20Guide.pdf> Conflict transformation (2000) by Johan Galtungpg10 Available at: http://www.transcend.org/pctrcluj2004/TRANSCEND_manual.pdf> Websites Challenges of negotiating long term concerns (2010) by Pon Staffpg 6 Available at: http://www.pon.harvard.edu/daily/conflict-management/conflict-management-the-challenges-of-negotiating-long-term-concerns/> Disruptive passenger behavior (1998) by Tim Chealpg 12 Available at: http://www.ad-aero.com/airrage_causes.php> Distruptive passenger behavior Pg 12 Available at: http://www.hemmingfire.com/m/fullstory.php/aid/1702/Fight_or_flight.html> 1

Assess whether or not the changes in the structure of the UK industry E

Assess whether or not the changes in the structure of the UK industry have been beneficial for the economy, industries and the consumer. Over the past 30 years the structure of the UK economy has been transformed. By this I mean there has been changes in the production and employment between the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. In 1964, 1,201,000 people were employed in the primary sector. By 1995 there were only 383,000 people employed in the primary sector. This shows a decrease of 818,000 employees over 31 years. This was mainly due to a contraction of output in the coal mining industries, and the collapse of oil prices in 1986, further contributing toward the declining industry. The second change in the structure of the UK industry was a decrease in output and employment in the secondary (manufacturing) sector. A decrease of 6,027,000 employment was recorded between 1964 and 1995. This is deindustrialisation. The final change was in the tertiary sector, where the amount employed had increased by 50%, from 11,178,000 to 16,527,000, between 1964 and 1995. Increasing its percentage of GDP in the UK. Therefore we can conclude that there has been an increase in employment output in the tertiary sector and a decrease in the primary and tertiary sectors. There has also been a shift over the years from public to private sector production, which creates competition, causing lower prices and benefiting the consumer, while contributing to ...

Essays --

Prohibition was the 18th Amendment to make alcohol illegal. The 21st Amendment was the repeal of prohibition so that alcohol could be legal. Carry Nation plays a big role in prohibition; she was the leader of the Temperance Movement. She was married twice her first husband died of alcoholism and her second husband divorced her. She has a hatred for saloons and bars. She also smashes bars and saloons. (Severn 76) Prohibition was called The Noble Experiment. It was first tried in America. Bootleggers and moonshiners was the main source people went to for alcohol. Bill MC coy was a bootlegger people went to him for alcohol he’s well known for selling good liquor. (Hanson 29) The repeal of prohibition is the 21st Amendment, to make alcohol legal in the states. Some people did not was the repeal to happen they thought prohibition was a good thing; it could make the world a better place. The repeal of prohibition was agreed. A lot of people wanted to make alcohol legal in the states. Some people did not like the repeal because alcohol could kill a lot of people. The Temperance Movement group planned to extend prohibition all over the world. (Rodney Web) Prohibition lasted from 1920-1933, the and the repeal come in1933. Alco pone was the biggest gangster of all times. He was the cause of virtually of all crimes. On the eve of prohibition some towns sold their jails, because all crime would break loose. The â€Å"Bathtub Gin† got its name from alcohol, glycerin and juniper juice was mixed in a bottle it was too tall to fit in a sink so they had to put it in the bathtub. (Burns Web) When prohibition was reopened in Chicago almost 800 gangsters had been killed in bootleg related shootings. People were killed, blinded, and even paralyzed from dri... ...People made a lot of money selling illegal alcohol. They even sold worldwide. Carry Nation did not care for people that sold or drunk liquor. That’s why she left her first husband when their daughter was born. Carry Nation died before she got to see that the repeal of prohibition was denied 20 year later. She had an impact on a lot of the women back then especially the women in The Temperance Group the all liked her. When she went and smashed all the bars and saloons a lot of people was not pleased that she did that, because the drunken people needed some place to go at night. Even, though they should not be drunk. Her second husband left because she got out of control. She was named the famous bar smasher. She was described as a religious and a crank. People said that she was a crank because she went crazy and smashed all of those bars and saloons. (Rodney Web).

The L Word Versus the I Word :: Essays Papers

The L Word Versus the I Word Of the 49 ALA-accredited library science programs in the United States, only one - the School of Library Science at Clarion University - omits the word "information" from its name. The "L" word doesn't fare so well. Twenty-eight percent of accredited library science programs have dropped the word "library" from their name. Other "I" word schools don't bother to seek accreditation because they no longer see their mission as training librarians. The "L" word camp needs to accept the political realities facing LIS programs. Librarians condemn the loss of their beloved "L" word and have even demanded the ALA refuse to accredit schools that drop it. Names are important. By its name, we recognize the character and purpose of an organization. A library science school has a clear, focused mission - to educate and train students to become librarians. By contrast, the mission of an information school is broader and may (or may not) include the basic training of librarians. Being precise by nature, librarians prefer a name that is descriptive. More importantly, the "L" word signifies the rich cultural heritage that is librarianship. Happily, the majority of ALA-accredited schools use both the "L" and the "I" words to describe themselves. This is as it should be. The motivation for dropping the "L" word is fueled by a perceived lack of prestige and a belief that the word "library" limits the scope of education. While universities do look down upon library science as a discipline lacking academic depth, a name change alone will not cure that opinion. There is a more serious issue at stake - that of theory versus skills. Here, I depart from the "L" word camp and inch closer to the side of information. The scope of an LIS education must be broader than the traditional library science core. As Childers points out, "†¦it's clear that information handling is bigger than one institution - bigger than the library institution but including it..." The science of information is a compelling and dynamic field not limited to librarians. Webmasters, programmers, information brokers, and, yes, librarians can all be taught under the same theoretical umbrella. The interactions of students on different career tracks can be a positive and energizing force within an LIS program. Librarians lament the lack of skills training, but theory is, and must remain, central to LIS. According to Fallis and Fricke, a librarian requires a theoretical graduate-level education, in addition to specific skills.

Communication and Children

Promote children's speech language and communication Speech, language and communication are closely tied to other aspects of development. You should know what Is meant for each term. Communication Communication Is about how you send out signals to people. Communication can be seen as a umbrella term as it's all about the way you use language and speech as your facial expressions, body language and your gestures. Language Language is specific, it is a set of symbols its either spoken, written or signed, this means that it can be used and understood between people.Language can be very abstracted and we often forget this, when children are learning the sound of C-A-T the speaker is making the word can and is referring to the cat even if there is not a cat in the room. Linguists suggest that the main feature of a language is series of rules that people have to understand and use. Once it Is mastered you should allow the user to convey anything they wish. First of all the children will no t be able to use the rules, toddlers will begin by Just pointing at objects and only using one word. After a while they will learn how to construct sentences. SpeechSpeech Is vocalists language it Is normally learnt before the written form of language, in speech the symbols are not signed or written. But it is spoken as sounds. The number of sounds that children needs to master will depend on the language that they have or are being exposed to. English has more than 40 different sounds. Listening Listening is about being able to hear and more importantly understand the speech of others. Its sometimes referred as receptive speech. Babies begin the Journey of learning to speak by gaining receptive speech, and get them to learn the specific words and phrase and what they mean.This Is a referral to any difficulty that an children has In any three areas. Some children have a difficulty in producing certain sounds so they will have a difficulty with speech. If a child does not have make e ye contact this may mean that they have more global communication need.. As soon as a baby is born they begin to learn how to communicate. At first they will cry and learn that their cries will be understood or will be responded to by a adult. Babies cries change depending on what they need. Soon when you work this out and learn whether the baby is tired, bored or just hungry.Babies learn to study faces the tone of your voice and the body language, they will soon begin to respond to this their selves. Babies will cry if they hear a angry tone or if a adult smiles at them then they will smile back. By the age of one they babies should be skilled at communicating because they are able to point at things that they are interested in, they will turn their heads away to show that they are not hungry anymore. The babies will also recognize when the adult Is happy. Not Just are babies learning about the skills of communication they are also learning about the language, usually In spoken for m.Being able to communicate and be able to use and understand speech will mean it Cognition covers is a multitude of different tasks, it is mainly about our ability to process and use information that we have gained. An example is a child may see leaves fall of the tree and get told this is because its autumn. The child may see more leaves falling off and remember and make a connection with what she seen earlier with the leaves and what she is seeing now. She may remember what the adult told her about autumn and may say to another adult look leaves are falling is it because its autumn?.She will say it proudly because she has remembered. When she is at home having tea with her mum she may say that the park leaves are falling of the trees because it is autumn. This illustrates the way in which learning takes place, the child has remembered what they seen earlier and connecting to what they are hearing or seeing then come to the conclusion. The ability of the child that has labeled it as autumn will help her a lot. She is likely to notice falling leaves and making the association over and over again.She will also talk and think about autumn without thinking about the park. We can now begin to understand the limitations of body language, gesture and facial expressions when there is no language available. Even though they allow instant communication this does not help the child to understand what is being seen or provide a way in which afterwards the child can communicate what she has seen. This means that children that has basic communication skills of facial expressions gestures and body language, they find it difficult to communicate the concept.Emotional development Being able to control your own emotions is a major part of emotional development, babies and toddlers struggle with this. But as language develops they find it easier as they can express their needs, is a child has a tantrum or an outburst it is due the child being frustrated, angry or Jealousy. The y tend to b dismissed as the child learns to find a way to talk through the way they are feeling. This is why it seems to be a good thing to name the emotions, when you are working with young children. His is so they can begin to understand what the child is feeling and have the ways of expressing it other than Just physical reactions alone. Behavior Being able to manage your own behavior is all about self-control, young children are impulsive and they find it hard to control their behavior as soon as language is mastered children's behavior changes. It seems like the acquisition of language it helps children to think things over. The children will focus on the consequences of their actions, they will begin to remind themselves of what they need to do or what they should not do.The start of this progress is when a toddler goes up to something that have been told not to go near and they point to that object and say no. Social Development Emotional development is linked as being able to control your emotions. Social development builds on your emotional development. This means you need to be able to recognize this in others and being able to learn how to adjust your behavior correctly and appropriately. This means that having good communication skills and good language skills is very important. Children need to read peoples body language and facial expressions of others so they can respond correctly.Play is the main medium of solicitation with other children. Language skills become important from the age of three years old. , children tend to speak about what they are doing or when hillier have difficulties, there are likely to have many effects on their development even though the extent to which children get effected it will very depending on the nature of the difficulty. It is severity, its also how the child is supported. Some term effects on development 1. Difficulties in making friends 2. Anger 3. Low levels of confidence 4. Difficulties in learning new inf ormation 5.Find it hard to make themselves understood 6. Frustration 7. Difficulties in applying formation to new situations 8. Withdrawn These are some general terms as there is a massive different between a child that as a slight speech impairment and can use some language to a child that is not using language or understanding any language. The long term development consequences in children who have difficulties with their communication, language and speech are sometimes harder to predict but in general terms you might find that children later on may have the following 1.Not achieve their potential 2. Lower self-esteem 3. Become isolated 4. Find it hard to make and maintain relationships 5. Developed antisocial behavior in some cases 6. Not reach independence Children who have learning difficulties with their speech and communication skills hey may have a big disadvantage when it comes to their overall development and it may even effect their life outcome. A lot of babies and todd lers attempt to communicate using their body language or by vocalist sounds or words.It is important that adults know the acknowledge of these communications as well as looking for ways to support children to make the progress there are many ways that we can do this. Words and level of language One of the skills you need to acquire when prompting children's language is to work out the level of language that we need to use with children and find the style of engage that we need to adopt, babies need use to use an exaggerated facial expression and to point to objects that your talking about so they can work out what you mean.Linguists has found that adults seem to be able to change the structure of their language automatically, when they are working with babies in order to simplify it. This is practically important because babes can focus on the key words in a sentence and begin to associate the words with a meaning. The word â€Å"parents† is used to describe the style that ad ults adopt when working with babies and toddlers. With children who are older and is developing their language, our style needs need to change again, instead of you simplifying our language, you may set out to enrich it so that a four year old can develop their vocabulary.Questions By using questions it is a important part in stimulating and extending the children's speech, they can show children that you are interested in what they are doing or response and is important to be aware of different styles. Rhetorical Questions A rhetorical question is not really a question because the speaker tends to answer them their selves. This type of question is very useful when you are working with babies and toddlers, as it helps the adult sustain commentary while they are busy with the child who may not be able to say much.Rhetorical questions an make the baby and toddler feel involved as long as the adult uses eye contact whilst you are talking to them. The commentary style is one that is ver y useful as it is allowing the babies and toddlers to hear language even though the commentary must be directed at them, using rhetorical questions with a child that already has language does not work because they see a opportunity to answer the question. Closed questions By using closed questions it prompts short answers.A example is â€Å"Did you enjoy that† they are useful to engage the child, we often need them when your working with babies and very young children that can use one word answers gestures or body language. For children that have limited language its important to extend the conversation from a closed question. Closed questions can also be safe for children who are anxious or a child that does not know you. This should be seen as a starting point in a conversation. With older children the amount of closed questions should be monitored as they do not extend language. It can prevent the child getting a chance to be able to express themselves.Open questions By us ing open questions it means that your prompting for a longer answer and to help children to think. Open questions work well when that child feels comfortable with the adult as well as when they have significant language so they are able to communicate. Using questions Its often suggested that closed questions are bad and that open questions are good. The reality is more complex as the use of questions really depends on the level of language that child has also how comfortable the child feels. Many skilled immunization will switch to open questions and closed questions.The thing that distinguishes the use of questions is generally interested in what the child is saying to you. Poor communicators ask questions without really wanting to know the child's answer. This means that using ascertain a chills acknowledge. Conversations/ interactions When you look at language and the way it is used in settings and used in the children's homes it becomes clear that some adults language is used t o organize children. This type of language is essential but it is not useful when you are trying to extend and develop the children's language.For this to be able to happen the children need to be able to have time to talk and interact with an adult. Interactions with babies and toddlers For babies and toddlers early interaction is often quiet play. With a baby you may play peep and with a toddler they may give you a toy and you say thank you to them and then they take it away from you. This early interaction may not seem important but it is essential for the babies and toddlers as they are learning early skills of fun whilst they are communicating. They will also learn about turn taking eye contact and interpreting expressions.Other interactions may also include songs. Babies and toddlers also need to hear a running commentary as if the child can answer the Children that has speech needs to have time where they can talk to the adults. You should note that the children likes to be d oing something or has got something to show the adults for this to be able to take place. This is often when the adults takes time to show the children that they are available or goes and sit down. Good communication does not work when the adult is moving about and does not have good eye contact with the person who is talking to you. Information and activitiesChildren and adults need to have something to say to each other, this means that a lot of settings will work on children's language by planning activities, or they may have books that will help prompt children's speech. With babies and toddlers this could mean too have to put out an experience such as teddies and toys in a basket that has a lid on. With older children you can have a variety of activities thou can use to stimulate children's language. It is always important that you build on the child's existing interests as well as being able to provide new things for the children. Working with parents/ careersA lot of parents and careers under mind the value of or their role in prompting children's speech and extending their speech. They are more likely to only have 15 minutes a day which they are able to chat to their child without any interruption. This could be when you are walking home or at bath time. As parents have a strong relationship with their child they are able to tune in to them and adapt their language. This means that parents does have the potential to be a good language partner for their child. Many settings provide sessions for parents to learn about the importance of their role and build up their confidence.When a child has a specific speech and language need both parents and the setting needs to work together WI the speech and language therapist. Positive effects of adult support When adult support provided for children there is many positive effects. Some of the positive effects is the following: 1 . Speech, language and communication skills 2. Emotional development 3. Behavior 4. So cial interaction Speech, language and communication skills If a high quality of support is given children can show progress in their speech, language and communication skills.This means working with children can be really rewarding and parents are often delighted in the improvements that children are showing. Social interaction The heart of social interaction is children's ability to communicate. This means that positive support can quickly make the child more outgoing and confident in their interactions. A lot of practitioners report that once children have more speech and language the children are able to play easily with other children. Behavior Many children that are finding it hard to communicate or speak will show aggression. They may also be showing a sign of uncooperative or frustrated behavior.Being able to communicate effectively can make a massive difference to children's behavior. Parents will also note that when they are spending more time communicating with their child that child wills show less attention seeking behavior. Emotional development does the children become more confident, they also will be able to find words to be able to control their emotions and express their needs. Children of the same age will often have different levels of language. This will mean that you need to identify the children that has atypical language in order for them to get the support that they need.But you also need to think out how practices and procedures support the children. Settling in For children that does not have speaking language for a reason like age or because they have a additional need its very essential that they get to know the key person before any separation is taken. The key person needs to find out from that child's parents how to communicate with that child and learn the skills they use. With the children that are speaking well and can understand us will still need a similar level of care and attention, but they may find it easier to settle i n as they can express their needs and their feelings.Grouping children A lot of settings may have moments when they need to put children in to groups like when you go for lunch or when they are going for a story. It is important that you give a lot of thought in to this as children that has language needs have been grouped sensitively and carefully so they have get the opportunity to interact and get involved. Activities When activities and play opportunities are planned children's level of language needs to be considered as certain activities are required to have a higher level of language and this mean it may not be appropriate for a child who is still developing engage.Language is needed for role play and it is important to think about if the child wants to Join in with role play and needs to have support. The ability to process language will mean that some activities that require children to listen needs to be carefully thought about if there are no visual stimuli which will hel p the children work things out. Methods of providing support A starting point to be able to support the children with language problems is to consider the age of that child, the child's current level of language and what they are interested in. You should also find out the child's specific needs. AgeThe child's age needs to be considered in relation to the way we work with children. Babies and toddlers is emerging their language and we rely our gestures facial expressions and body language to help them to understand. In a way they need to use these communication tools, we also need to learn how to interrupt them correctly. By the age of three children will have developed sufficient language to be able to form sentences so our style of language will need to change again. Specific needs Its very important that when working with children you know what their milestones are in relation to the child that you are working with.This is because each child needs to be identified quickly so the y can gain the support that is necessary. Sometimes a speech and language therapist will be involved and be able to give us specific suggestions as to what kind of type of work that the child needs. Children with cognitive needs alongside language needs will also may need to use Megaton. Megaton is signs that create the visual cues to help them to understand the meaning. Abilities children has language delays, but some children does not have any delays and gets on with language with flying colors, they are hungry for attention and to get language opportunities.You need to think about how challenging the activities are and think about the language opportunities are such as stories. For other children they might like one thing like a train set, so you may sit with the child and make the sounds to encourage visitation. Home language These days children learn English as well as their home language, being able to learn more than one language at an early age is a good opportunity, its ver y important that you don't make the parents of children feel like there is a problem with that. You need to find out how much English the child has and find out how strong the chills mom language is.It is important that you find out how the parents use their home language, as some parents may choose to only use their home language to their children but other parents may decide to split up their language by using more than one language. Some parents may slide between two languages. If you have a child that comes in to your setting no using any English you need to be aware that the emotional impact may be hard as they don't use English. This is why a key person system is important, as it is a way which we can reassure the child, for children that isn't have English the progress they need is to acquire English and this can be very quick.This is why it is not a problem if the parents only speak their home language. Linguists takes the view that many ways this is desirable so that the ch ild can gain competence in both languages. When children are not making progress in either their home language or English then it is worth talking to the parents and make it clear that some distinctions in their language use so that babies and young children can work out the sounds and words and which belongs to what language. Its important to remember that children that are learning more than one language are prone to have hearing loss, sight problems and communication difficulties.It is important if they are not making progress to explore these possibilities. Gaps in vocabulary When your working with children that has two language it is important that you are aware they may have specific gapes in their vocabulary. This is because most language is learnt in context. This means that some objects or activities means different things in their home language and in the setting its different as its in English. So this may mean that children may not know some of the common household items in English like tea towel or pillow this means they may not be able to talk about what they have done in the setting to their parents.They may not have the word sand in their home language its very important that you are aware of these gaps and plan activities accordingly. Adapting own language It is important to adapt our style and language to be able to suit the needs of the children. For children with English with a additional need you may need to use more facial expression or point to objects. You might have to simplify your sentences like oh do when you work with babies and thus style will allow to break in to the meaning of the word.Scaffolding children's language Children needs to hear phrases and words before they can use them. By scaffolding children's language it involves talking to children in ways that will be able to help essential for this as As they are likely to spend more time with the child, the can also develop language routines for that child. Recasting and expa nding statements As a part of scaffolding children's language adults should know the acknowledge of children's vacillations or the attempts of communication and should recast the entente.So that the sentence is grammatically correct, or you can expand the sentence so that the child is hearing a fuller sentence because vocabulary are learnt in context by expanding the sentence from a child means that they can learn more. Giving children time to communicate A lot of adults forget that children needs to have time to be able to process what they have been told and visual the clues in the room before they are able to respond to a communication, one of the common mistake that a adult does is fill up the gaps immediately assuming that the child has not understood or can't think of anything to say.This means that reviewing our own language practice is worth thinking about how much time we are giving children in order so they can communicate with us. It is important that you give time to chi ldren who are learning English as they already have another language. They might know what they want to say but they may not be able to say it and need a moment to put it together. Many babies and toddlers process things a few hours after, this may mean when you took him/her to the pond to feed the ducks they was not very responsive but later on when they look at the photos they get very excited and try to talk about the duck.This is why it is useful to repeat activities that children have enjoyed. This is why having photographs and video clips can help the children to interact. Facilitating communication between children Children's social skills and language are connected, sometimes the role of the adult is to help the children to connect with each other so they can communicate. One way to do this is to set up some simple activities that is pleasurable for the children. Having a game that you need to have children to be paired up can work well as it can encourage them to listen to each other and enjoy being with each other.When irking with large groups it has to be organized carefully as children that has strong language skills will find it hard not to shout out. It can be hard for young children to wait and some people will argue it is unfair that they have to wait. Children who has a stutter can feel under pressure if you have told the other child to be quiet so they can listen to the child. This can sometimes make their stutter or stammer worse. Learning through play Play is Just not a medium for learning physical and social skills it is also used for language.A key skill for adults to master this is by playing with the children in ways f which the children have their own ownership of it. Role play is normally used on older children to be able to get them to develop their sentences and vocabulary, with baby's language can be learnt through peep. Play is a very good vehicle for language, its important that the materials you use and resources that are availa ble for children are interesting and satisfying. Many practitioners look for new ways of introducing new materials or the props in to children's play as it will give children something to talk about.Working with parents, careers and families Parents need to be involved with supporting their children's language as they are o one time with them parents sometimes will need support to know how to maximize the language opportunities and so some settings put workshops on where parents and children can come to play and learn together. These workshops can give parents more confidence as well as more understanding of the importance of their role in promoting their children's language. Interests of children Children tend to talk more about things that excite them or what they are interested in. His means that adults are needing to be flexible when working with children and be ready to talk and explore the things the children have noticed or that are interested in. A Autumn walk what the pract itioner was hoping to talk about the different types of leaves and the children may have found a pine cone and have to talk about them instead. Day to day activities Sometimes it is easy to forget that everyday routine activities can be fascinating for children when adults allow them to be properly involved. This may mean that you need to allow more time to value those moments in the day instead of Just trying to get through them.Tidying up can either be a quick routine task. In which children will say hardly anything at all. When tidying up the adult and children can have a DOD conversation about where things go, and what toys they don't play with or the ones that does get played with and travels around the setting. In some settings they organize the packing up so that the key person can work with the child. Some potential activities that can extend the children's language are the following 1. Dressing 2. Lunch time 3. Tidying up 4. Choosing stories for story time 5. Getting ready to go home 6.Nappy changing and other personal care routines 7. Snack time 8. Setting activities out Working with children one to one Children's language Scan improve a lot when they spend time in the company of insensitive adults who are able to respond to them carefully, the term language partner is use on this respect. A language partner is good at picking up an individual child's interest and are ready to allow conversation to be able to follow the child's interest. Chatting with children when they are doing a activity is important, by Just sitting the child down to talk to can make them very unnatural and forced.One to one is very valuable, because then the child can talk a their own pace, and does not have to compete with others. One to one works in the EYES settings, the settings would be carried out by that child's key person. As this is a way of strengthening the relationship, as well as the child should have a existing bond with their key person. Working with groups When w orking with a group of children it can be a Juggling act because children's language levels are often different this means that they process things at different speeds, it also means that the may process what they have been told in a slightly different way.By organizing a trip to the shop with the children, the children may see another child may see it as seeing a yellow car and another child may see it as seeing post box. If you have a too may children In a group or if the activity your doing is not developmentally appropriate then you may see that the children start to close down, so the opportunity of speech rather than the opportunity for them to open up. They may resort to closed questions, so they can Just answer with one word. This can mean that some children will miss out as they don't get the opportunity to hear or speak full sentences.You can make sure that the group is developmentally appropriate such as three year olds are best in a group of three or four when only elder children can be put in a group with eight, children that are under the age of three does not tend to be able to do group work as easy and find that they will walk away or start to wiggle. Evaluating practice Three are many ways in which you can evaluate your practice with the children, first you may be able to record yourself working with the children, this will help you look at the tone of voice you are using and how much time you give them to respond.. N addition we may follow the children's progress and see where you have given them extra support. By recording the children with a MPH player it can you a baseline assessment of what the child can do, then record them again to see if they have made any progress. You also need to learn how to reflect on the way you work with individual children some children enjoy puppies or talking whilst cooking byte some children talk better when they are playing and you Join in the game.This means that to be able to work effectively with differe nt children you need to be able to reflect on their reactions and adapt effectively. The importance of the environment Its important that not only we work effectively in the trees of our skills with children, UT also the physical environment includes play and activities so it creates opportunities for language. Children and adults need to have something that's worthwhile to be able to talk, environment's that are boring or activities that are unchallenged may result in minimal language use.But having settings that are loud and chaotic also does not help in proving support for reactions for interaction between children and adults. As children may not be able to focus or be able to make themselves be heard. Adults may become distracted if they can see mayhem is being caused on the other side of the room. This can prevent sustained interaction. You should provide environment's inside and out that works well in terms of communication and meet the range of children's developmental needs. You should also thing about activities and resources that are available for the children. These activities should interact because they are challenging and interesting for them. Factors that support an effective speech language and communication environment 1. Views of children 2. Activities 3. Specific toys and resources 4. Staff roles and responsibilities 5. Physical environment 6. Training needs and opportunities 7. Involvement of parents, careers and families Physical environment