Illnesses of the 1700s Essay

Illnesses of the 1700’s There were many illnesses in the 1700’s and 1800’s that were life threatening, or even a sure death, that are in current times, not a concern, or highly curable. Examples are smallpox, bubonic plague, typhus, mumps, influenza, yellow fever, and measles. These diseases almost single handedly wiped out several native American tribes, and wreaked havoc on European communities. Small pox, overtook half of Boston in 1763. There was no cure, and to this day there is not one, however, it is now completely preventable by vaccine. This disease killed 1 out of 6 people that it infected, and left the rest with horrible scars for the rest of their lives. Inoculation began with smallpox, and spread very quickly due to this particular disease. Documentation of Native American artifacts show that small pox swept these communities, wiping out many of the skilled artisans, thus resulting in a lack of recorded history for long periods of time for these affected tribes. Bubonic Plague was also rampant in this period of time, wiping out whole communities. This highly contagious disease is now preventable and treatable, however, even with prompt treatment with antibiotics, the mortality rate is 15%. With housing conditions the way that they were during these times, people lived with many extended family members in one house, and in close quarters with those around them. Bubonic Plague spread like wildfire, affecting thousands in a short period of time. Influenza, which in current medicine, also has a vaccine, and treatments available, swept Europe prior to and after the 1700/1800’s. It is recorded that influenza in Europe infected over 500 million people, with a mortality of 12 million. It is hard to imagine someone dying from the flu, however, even now, the influenza virus mutates from year to year. This makes it necessary for a new vaccine to be developed based on the infections from a particular region so that it is effective in preventing that particular strain. Mumps, measles and rubella also had a high mortality rate, and like the majority of the diseases that affected millions in that timeframe, they are highly preventable with today’s medicine in the form of vaccines. There is no treatment once these viruses are contracted, so the symptoms are treated for both. The MMR vaccine was developed to prevent all 3 of these viruses, and are given with the standard vaccines that children get at their newborn check up. Typhus was a disease spread by lice, that caused massive losses of population. Areas that were overcrowded and communities that were undernourished fell victim to this epidemic. The lice spread quickly and thus spread the disease, people often wore the same clothes for long periods of time, allowing the lice to multiply and spread among households. Even once this disease was discovered, and was being investigated for treatment, the Doctor’s researching both became infected and died from it. It is rare to find this virus active today, and it is treatable with antibiotics. The way that the government deals with outbreaks of diseases differs today from what the procedure was in the 1700/1800’s. The standard protocol then was to quarantine entire communities, without proper testing, and unknown incubation periods, it was difficult for containment to take place. In current times, we have the CDC, a government agency dedicated to discovery, treatment, and containment of communicable diseases. They provide information to the public and are responsible for keeping vaccines updated and effective. In this way, our communities are protected from the rapid spread of epidemics. As one can see, the way that diseases are treated and prevented now, varies wildly from the lack of modern medicine that was available to even the most modern societies in the 1700s.

Alcohol Abuse in the over 65 Population

A discussion of the increase of alcohol abuse in the senior population. This paper discusses the problem of an increase of alcohol abuse among the over 65 segment of the population. The problems in identifying alcohol abuse in this group, as well as the consequences ofthe abuse are presented.The causes of abuse specific to the elderly population are explored.Substance abuse, especially that of alcohol and prescription drugs, is increasingly growing into a serious problem among the population segment of 65 plus citizens. What is of grave concern is the fact that this particular segment of the population is the fastest growing. Census estimates predict that 1994s older adult population of 33 million will more than double to 80 million by 2050.Also consider the fact that several studies have found a clear relationship between early alcohol habits and the development of alcohol abuse later in life. Given that the use of alcohol has been more widespread since the 1960s, it is likely that the future will see a far larger incidence of alcohol abuse among the el derly with the aging of the baby boomers (those born between 1946 and 1964).

Legal Foundations of Health Care Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Legal Foundations of Health Care - Case Study Example The opinion was delivered on January 19th 2012. The details of the case were that a parathyroidectomy was performed on April 25th 2006 by Dr. Seffense on Broussard. Broussard however soon after being operated developed a burn at the site surgery. Pain and swelling was experienced by at the same site and it was perceived by her that fraction of the pain was associated to the surgery and that fraction was because of the burn. Broussard was discharged on May 1st 2006, from the hospital while the swelling had partially decreased, but the tissues had remained red as described by Broussard that the tissue at the surgical incision as leathery and tough, and soon she developed purplish and black lines that enhanced with the time in size. She was admitted in to the emergency ward on 7th May 2006 sue to severe ache from the burn, although her admission was done due to hyperkalemia and hypocalcemia which are in conditions associated to renal failure. Dr. Coleman, her nephrologist took care of Broussard during this hospitalization. Along with the Coleman’s treatment, Broussard also sought and received a discussion with a dermatologist concerning the burn. Where she was acknowledged that her upper chest and neck condition will improve gradually as the injured skin would separate from living tissues and heal.. So she stayed in the ST. Edward hospital until 15th May 2006. Since she was not known to the cause of the burn, she could not pursue suspected medical malpractice in inducing the burn but rather she prosecuted a medical-malpractice activity on the basis of the negligence shown while treating her burn. As a consequence of the negligence in treating her injury, she developed a black eschar at her chest and neck which was then removed as pigskin and was provided skin grafts on 18th May 2006. Since facing the immense negligence in treatment at St. Edward hospital, Broussard sued the hospital’s designated doctors who were involved during the treatment process

IKEA Business Ethics Dilemma Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

IKEA Business Ethics Dilemma - Case Study Example Thus, the main dilemma is how to respond to consumer's social demands and expectations and meet social responsibility in marketing. For IKEA, consumer citizens are pressuring business to achieve higher levels of social and ethical responsibility. Why should corporations, and especially marketers, respond to these new demands Part of the answer lies in business concern with the "threat" of more governmental regulation. This is the argument which goes, "If we don't, government will" (Singer 12). But part of the reason why business is moving to higher levels of social performance is to be found in consideration of the ethics of the situation. Socially responsible behavior on the part of the firm can be justified by standards of rightness as well as of economics and the law. It may be sound business practice, as well as morally right, for a marketer to attempt to meet socially responsible performance standards. The pressures imply the development of rules and standards by which business actions may be judged as "right" or "wrong". In other words, ethical decisions under free enterprise are "moral decisions", impelle d by social sanctions, but modified by economics and environmental requirements (Velasquez 45). The growing professionalism in marketing is also stimulating the development and acceptance of pervasive "socially conscious" standards of ethics. Some insights into the changing social and ethical responsibilities of marketing are explored (O'Neill & Hern 129; IKEA Home Page 2008). In IKEA, expenditure of time and resources on such issues is still regarded by some managers as wasteful or as time spent on peripheral issues. However, allocating resources to such issues is no longer a matter of option. These questions are not on the periphery of corporate planning, but an inescapable part of corporate planning and concern. The partial answers existing in accounting-economics terms do not satisfy growing concern with the corporation as a means to a social end--improving the quality of life. The quality of life issue is the major problem confronting business now (Singer 17). Meeting the issue will require management commitment and time, will be costly, and frustrating, but necessary. Corporate presidents can expect to spend more time on the quality of life issues--on consumer/environmental and social concerns--than their predecessors. Management's new task is to balance traditional profit and rate of returns on investment criteria with new definitions of social cost s, social purpose, and social conscience (O'Neill & Hern 129). The starting point for socioindustrial progress analysis is not to be found in corporate traditions or corporate history or even industrial history. The starting point is to relate social progress of the corporation to national goals and to the social indicators being developed to evaluate the attainment of these goals (Velasquez 32). This approach sounds like socialism to some. It is not. Social progress was once considered to be a national by-product of economic progress. Society believed that social progress was achieved through continued economic growth and progress. The accumulation of material wealth and affluence is no longer automatically equated with social progress by a growing number of influential Americans. Public

Discrimination and affirmative action in business Research Paper

Discrimination and affirmative action in business - Research Paper Example Affirmative action refers to the policies and procedures set up by taking certain factors into account, such as race, color, creed, sex or religion. In recent history, discrimination on the basis of religion is the most common. There have been reports made by the members of the Muslim community, of harassment and discrimination due to 9/11 (Edward, 2006). This essay tries to understand the reasons for affirmative action and the importance of its presence in business and management. It further outlines the origin or the need for such an action. Another popular belief, that affirmative action leads to a discriminatory action towards the majority of that society is also discussed. A conclusion on the debate is presented towards the end of this essay. The movement of such an action that protected the minority from any discrimination was initially started in the United States only. Civil right programs were enacted in the United States, in order to save the African Americans and provide them a status of full citizenship in the country. The thirteenth amendment of the Constitution made slavery as an illegal action; the fourteenth amendment allows equal protection to all while the fifteenth amendment allows full access to voting and forbids any act of racism during voting (Marquita, 1995). These amendments were one of the first steps towards affirmative action. John F. Kennedy was the first person to use Affirmative action as a phrase, in 1961. This required that federal contractors are supposed to take affirmative action to ensure people from all classes, creed, race, religion and nations are employed and treated as equals to other members of their workplace. Since then, affirmative action is required in regards to employment based on gender as well. The major aim for affirmative action is to increase the representation of women, people of color or minorities in areas of education, employment and business, where they have not

The Film War Horse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Film War Horse - Essay Example There are two eminent scenes of cavalry march, one at the Salisbury Plain and the other at the Western Front. The latter turns not a good gesture for Joey, as he falls into the German enemies’ hands where he’s left with no militia tasks. There he’s used to pull German ambulance cats, bring artillery to the barracks and is surrounded by two German solders that keep an eye on him. This attitude was new to be observed as most war movies never portray the life of prisoners of war. These watchers also include an old Frenchmen with his little granddaughter. These episodes have heart-touching moments. There are a number of well-depicted battle scenes, including a suicide attempt at the cavalry march and the great battle of â€Å"Somme†. But in each of these scenes the horse and the human relation is prominent. This relation starts at the very beginning of the movie, when an irresponsible and a poor farmer purchase a horse at the auction which was too expensive fo r him to carry. His son loved it and named it Joey. His son Irvine set up his mind to train his horse so that they can easily travel in that barren land. During the training and because of the love Irvin gave Joey, a deep essence of relationship developed between the two. This horse became there only weapon to tackle the difficult conditions when the war of 1914 broke out. In the upcoming days, Joey faced a number of hardships. Each one that saw it adored it’s beauty and spirit for work and involvement with human mind. To facilitate the spectator the film †war horse† is divided into sections, each image showing up different actions and acts and never allowing the audience to draw away their eyes from the movie. The scenes of war travel through slow-motion mud. The horse â€Å"Joey† companies us throughout the story while his masters and stories twists in every part of it. If we talk about the individual character of Joey, he was not neither compelling nor c apable enough to carry the whole story on his own, rather he’s the side stuff of this masters that carry him throughout the story. 2, what scene in the film "moved" you the most emotionally and stimulated intellectual thought? Why? The rural life as depicted in the film based on a poor family of Albert and his wife, who are struggling to bring up a farm to earn their livelihood, shows the responsible yet yoke life of the region. The starting scenes showing the bonding of Joey (horse) and his first master Albert are quite a bit awkward to me, but most spectators appreciate the glimpse of troubled gooses. The scenes of farm life are dragged a bit more than necessary until the sharp turn Alberto’s father take after he sells his horse to the cavalry officer.    Now Joey is in the hands of a French young girl who also adored him of its beauty. But the German solder forces him to drag more and more artillery, before a before a dramatic film tic sight of its dash through th e channels before getting knotted in snide cable in the war field.    The battle scenes depicted by Spielberg are a state of the art marvel of sight and sound. It shakes the entire cinema with the sounds and thunders of bullets and cannons. He’s not afraid to show you the inside of the battlefield that may blow your head and heart. The blood shedding and

What is Art - Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What is Art - Discussion - Assignment Example It makes me guess what culture it came from, what message the artist implied when he was painting it. It is a thought-provoking object that has no practical function and is created for the sake of self-expression of the artist who had made it. It gives rise to a train of thoughts on primitive African societies when I am looking at it. It might as well have been made by an African artist, though it is not a case. It is surely a work of art, in my opinion. There is probably a toy at the third image with a metal ball inside. It might be perceived as a work of art from some subjective point of view, though in my opinion it is made strictly for the purpose of entertainment of children and is not a work of art per se. Although there is a specific and quite precise definition of what art is, this notion extends into a subjective category and it is not an easy task to circumscribe the limits of it. Thus, in my opinion, this toy is not a work of art. On the other hand, it might as well be an allegorical manifestation of the way someone who created it looks at the world and, if placed within a certain context, could be perceived as a work of art. The blue plate on the fourth image might be a work of art for some people, while others wont consider it to be as such. Although it is created with a certain practical purpose to serve, it obviously applies imaginative skills of a person who made it. The surface of it is painted inside and these elements of its design make this object of pottery a work of art, in my opinion, though it might as well be solely perceived by some as a part of dinnerware and serve practical purposes